perm filename PASNEW.TXT[UP,DOC]7 blob
sn#652337 filedate 1982-04-08 generic text, type C, neo UTF8
COMMENT ⊗ VALID 00032 PAGES
C REC PAGE DESCRIPTION
C00001 00001
C00004 00002 Introduction to the WAITS compiler.
C00008 00003 Introduction to the TOPS-10 Hedrick Compiler
C00013 00004 1. Useage of the PASCAL Compiler
C00025 00005 1.2 Core Allocation
C00032 00006 1.3 How to Write a Program (Lexical Issues)
C00039 00007 2. Input/Output
C00050 00008 2.4 Formatted Output
C00057 00009 2.5 The Standard Files
C00063 00010 2.6 Character Processing
C00075 00011 3. Extensions to PASCAL
C00077 00012 3.1 Input/Output to strings
C00083 00013 3.2 Monitor calls
C00087 00014 3.3 INITPROCEDURE
C00090 00015 3.4 Extended CASE Statement
C00091 00016 3.5 LOOP Statement
C00092 00017 3.6 CLOSE and DISMISS
C00095 00018 3.7 MARK and RELEASE
C00097 00019 3.8 I/O facilities for wizards only
C00145 00020 3.9 RENAME and DELETE
C00148 00021 3.10 UPDATE [also DUMPIN and DUMPOUT]
C00154 00022 3.11 Random access
C00161 00023 3.12 APPEND
C00164 00024 3.13 Miscellaneous I/O Functions
C00173 00025 3.14 Including other source files in a program
C00176 00026 3.15 The structure of a PASCAL program
C00182 00027 4. PASCAL Debug System (PASDDT)
C00197 00028 5. Standard and External Procedures and Functions
C00206 00029 5.2 External Procedures and Functions
C00213 00030 6. Miscellaneous
C00227 00031 6.3 Interfacing to external procedures in MACRO
C00236 00032 References
C00237 ENDMK
C⊗;
Introduction to the WAITS compiler.
This is the documentation for the TOPS-10 version of Charles
Hedrick's version of the Hamburg Pascal Compiler. The Hedrick
compiler also runs at Score and Lots, and seems to be the best,
most up to date Pascal for the DEC 36-bit family available.
Unless you have been naughty, you can even expect programs you
have written at Score to work here, and vice-versa.
The compiler has been modified to work on Waits by Dave Fuchs
and Peter Nye. We haven't fixed everything, but note that the
compiler does compile itself, as well as other large programs,
like TEX, Tangle and Weave. Feel free to address any bugs or
comments to DRF.
To compile FOO.PAS say:
RUN PSC
FOO=FOO
You'll get swapped to the linker if your program hasn't any errors,
from whence you'll get to the debugger, unless you've specified
foo=foo/nodebug (or {$D-} in your source code).
The .REL file created is too new for LOADER, so if you have
to link it with other modules, say something like:
R LINK
=FOO,BAR/G
To re-link without compiling,
R LINK
=FOO/G
To get the debugger, try:
R LINK
=FOO,SYS:PSDDT/G
START
The remainder of this file is the documentation directly from the
TOPS-10 version, with additions and changes in square brackets.
In the documentation of non-standard features, I have included comments
along the lines of `This works' or `Hasn't been tried'. Take these
with a grain of salt. I'm interested in hearing the comments of
the following type, in decreasing order of interest:
1) "You said X worked and it doesn't because..."
2) "You said X works, but it doesn't."
3) "You didn't know if X works, but it does."
4) "You said X doesn't work, but all you need to do is..."
5) "You didn't know if X works. It doesn't, but all you need to do is..."
6) "You didn't know if X works, but it doesn't."
7) "You said X doesn't work, but I absolutely need it to..."
--drf
p.s. If you find that the linker is bombing out with an ill mem ref, it may
be due to a bug where link tries to sort a symbol table that has just been
put out to a spill file. This will only happen if your program (or static
data) is large. Try giving the SYSORT:NORAID switch to LINK to get around
the bug.
Introduction to the TOPS-10 Hedrick Compiler
This document describes DECsystem-10 Pascal. This Pascal
system is the result of cooperation among a number of
different people. It was originally written at the
University of Hamburg by a group of people under the
supervision of Prof. H.-H. Nagel. This version was
developed from Prof. Nagel's by Charles Hedrick, and is
maintained by him. Lee Cooprider and others at the
University of Southern California have been particularly
helpful in supplying improvements, largely to the debugger.
A number of compiler bug fixes were supplied by Andrew
Hisgen at Carnegie-Mellon University.
Charles Hedrick originally intended to produce a system that
gave complete access to the facilities of the operating
system. To do this, a number of procedures were added, and
optional arguments were added to several existing
procedures. These additions give you access tk the full
power of the DECsystem-10's inputoutp@UhAgsMiKZX↓CfAo∃YXACL~∃i↑↓←iQKH@AMC
SYSi%Kf@AMkGP@↓Cf@A%]iKeIkah@↓QC]I1S]N\@A/Q%YJ~∃5CWS]≤@AiQ∃gB@A¬IISi%←]fXA d\@A⊃K⊃eSGV↓SO]←IKHAB↓]k[E∃dA←L4∃gQ←IiG←[%]OfA%\AiQ∀AIKg%O\A←_AiQJ↓←eSO%]CX@↓G←[a%YKd\@A≠←IJ~∃e∃GK]i1rP⊃↓π##∃↓ε;?π1αβ#πMαβO#'7#↔⊃↓π#=↓βπ∪?∪W≡K;≥β
β∂?7εc↔S∀hS'7Cf+7↔;& S'?rβ?→β&C∃↓βf ;∨W∞;∃1↓π;'S!αβ↔KK␈⊃↓β#∞s∪3'v9↓βπv 4+∪.∪W∨∨Ns≥βππβK?C⊗KπS∃ε3?Iβ∨#W∪↔w!βWO*q↓αSF)βOS∞s∪πK"β'9β&C'L4V+≠≠?↔!β#π~β ↔↔rβS#∃¬αεN∞ aαK↔6KO↔⊃¬∪↔C?↔!9↓αvy↓βπ'#↔7C"↓β#π_h+ ↔.q↓β7∞#∃↓β&y↓β'oβ3↔7.sQ↓β&C∃↓β≡Cπ;∨/→βCK␈β?O↔"β≠?Iπ##∃αM~<4+∨#π;∪∂∪⊃9↓∧ Mβ¬π∪↔OWg!β?→π##↔O*βS←=ε;?π3~aβS#O→β∂?oβ'3↔∩↓β'LhS;?]α↓↓βππβK?C⊗KπS∃α↓β≠?∩↓↓β ␈#!↓↓π≠gOS.i↓↓βπ∪?∨K∞k7';:↓↓βπv 4+'w≠SKW∨#'?;∞aβWO*q↓α#␈;↔[↔∩β'QβO→βOSNc1↓βv{Q↓β∞q↓β?π#'7'VK;≤4V≠?7CNc↔I1αβπ;⊃αβO#?.c⊃↓βv{Q↓β⊗)↓βW≡+⊃β≠␈⊃βπCεc'∂π&K?;Mπ;#↔K
high-quality code is important.
This system is now intended to be a complete implementation
of the language. The following are the only serious
limitations. A complete list will be found in an appendix.
1. Procedures can be passed as parameters to another
procedure. When calling a procedure that has been
passed in this way, you can supply no more than 5
parameters.
2. Sets of character are not fully implemented. Lower
case characters are treated as equivalent to the
corresponding upper case letter when in a set. All
control characters except tab are treated as
equivalent in a set.
This manual is intendedas a complete reference manual for
this implementation. As such it contains far more detail on
extensions than many users will need. There is a somewhat
briefer manual, which is more suitable for the average user.
Both manuals describe only features thatdiffer from those
documented in the Revised Report. So you should look at the
Revised Report first.
1. Useage of the PASCAL Compiler
This compiler follows the standard DECsystem10 conventions
for compilers, and can thus be invoked by COMPIL-class
commands.
1.1 How to Use the PASCAL compiler
[See the page 2 for how to run the compiler here at WAITS.
You can specify switches after the source file name. -drf]
To compile and execute a PASCAL program TEST, you would
issue the command
EXECUTE TEST.PAS
The usual COMPIL switches, such as /NOBIN, /LIST, and /CREF
can be used.
If your program begins with a PROGRAM statement, execution
will begin by asking you for file spec's for each of the
files mentioned in the program statement. You should type a
standard DEC-10 file spec, terminated with <CRLF>. If you
do not type a file spec, but simply hit carriage return, you
will get the default for that file. INPUT and OUTPUT
default to "TTY:", usually your terminal. Other files
default to a disk file whose name is made from the
characters of the Pascal file name.
If you assign the file INPUT to a terminal, you will
normally be prompted for the first line of input by the
Pascal I/O system, [INPUT, end with ↑Z: ]. Because of
oddities of the Pascal language, this initial read is done
before your program has started. Hence you cannot issue a
prompt first. This can be avoided by specifying INPUT to be
interactive (see below).
[...end with control-meta-linefeed -drf]
Note that the effect of listing a file in the PROGRAM
statement depends upon whether it is a predeclared file --
INPUT or OUTPUT -- or a file declared by the user. For a
user-declared file, listing it in the PROGRAM statement
simply provides an easy way to get a file specification for
it at runtime. It does not open the file. That is, you
must still do RESET or REWRITE on it. And you must still
declare the file identifier in the VAR section of the
program. However for the predeclared files INPUT and
OUTPUT, listing them in the PROGRAM statement also causes
the system to open them (RESET for INPUT, REWRITE for
OUTPUT).
If you choose not to use COMPIL-class commands, you should
say
.R PASCAL
*<relfile>,<listfile>=<sourcefile>/<sw>/<sw> ...
[that's more like it, but say R PSC instead of R PASCAL -drf]
Anything other than the source file may be left out. The
defaults are:
relfile: not produced if missing; if no extension:
.REL
listfile: not prodcued if missing; if no extension:
.LST
sourcefile: if no extension: .PAS
The possible switches are:
/ARITHCHECK - Turns on checking for arithmetic errors,
i.e. divide by zero, overflow, and underflow. If
this switch is not specified, the setting of
/CHECK is used as its default.
/CHECK - generates code to perform runtime checks for
indices and assignments to scalar and subrange
variables. Pointer accesses will also be checked
for NIL or zero pointers. (Usually a zero pointer
is the result of a pointer variable not being
initialized.) Divide by zero, overflow, and
underflow are also caught. All of these cases
cause an error message to be printed and transfer
to PASDDT or DDT if they are loaded. (If DDT is
loaded the program may be continued by "JRST
@.JBOPC$X".)
/CREF - generates information so that CREF can produce
a crossreference listing. Changes default
extension for the listing to .CRF.
/DEBUG - generate information for the DEBUG package.
This is normally on except for production
programs. We strongly encourage people to turn
this off (probably by putting the directive
(*$D-*) in their program) when they know they have
finished using PASDDT. The debug information may
double the size of your program.
/HEAP:nnn - This parameter has two different uses,
depending upon whether one is running on a KA-10
or not. In the usual (not KA-10) implementation,
this parameter specifies where the block of
storage used by NEW (the "heap") should begin.
NEW will begin allocating at the specified address
and go down. The only known use for this is if
you intend to load the high segment at other than
400000.
In the KA-10 implementation, dynamic core
expansion is not done. This parameter is used to
specify the total amount of core available for the
stack and heap. The default value is 2048 words.
If you get a message indicating that space has run
out for the stack or heap, you should expand this
parameter, or more likely, the comment {$H:nnn} at
the beginning of the source program. (See section
1.2)
/MAIN - a main program part is present (see Section
5.2)
/OBJECTLIST - list the generated code in symbolic form
/STACK:nnn - sets the first location to be used for the
stack. This should be above the high segment (if
any). The only known use is if you intend to do a
GETSEG to a larger segment and want to be sure the
stack doesn't get in the way.
This parameter is probably meaningless in the
KA-10 implementation.
/VERSION:vvv - must be given on the output side. This
version number will be used for the .REL and .LST
files. It will also be put in .JBVER unless
overridden by a later directive. vvv is the usual
DEC-10 version number, e.g. 3B(22)-4. If no
/VERSION switch is given, the version number of
the input file (if any) will be used.
/ZERO - Causes code to be compiled in every procedure
and function prolog to initialize all of its local
variables to 0. Also, NEW will initialize all
records it generates to 0. This is useful mainly
for programs with complicated pointer
manipulations, since it guarantees that
uninitialized pointers will be 0, which will be
caught by the /CHECK code. Note that /ZERO and
/CHECK can be set independently, however, and that
/ZERO applies to all local variables, not just
pointers. /ZERO will not cause global variables
to be reinitialized, although they always start
out as zero unless an initprocedure is used to
give them another value.
To get the opposite effect of a listed switch, type
/NO<switch>. The default switch settings are /CHECK /DEBUG
/MAIN /NOOBJECTLIST /NOZERO. For /STACK and /HEAP the
arguments can be nnP, nnK, nnnnnn, or #nnnnnn. This
specifies a core address in pages, K, decimal, or octal.
The default values are 0, which causes 400000B to be used
for the heap and the stack to be put immediately above the
high segment. Values will be rounded up to the nearest page
boundary.
1.2 Core Allocation
[WAITS is a non-VM monitor -drf]
On VM monitkrs (i.e. any Tops-10 system other than a
KA-10), PASCAL has dynamic core allocation. This means that
memory will automatically expand if you do NEW a lot, or use
a large stack. Thus if you get a massage iNforming you that
αyou have ruN out of core, it means that you usEd all of your
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READ with numarical and Boolean arguMents.)
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p∂QKβ∪∃βG⎇)β∂πrβ↔πQ∧εFF* .V≡↑←∀ε⊗ON4ε7⊗⎇Pπ&FT
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|bε6≥HRαε= ↔ε∞>LW∩α mw⊂h-mw⊗@8;λ∧ Z;→.P7x2[52r≠w⊂:2\4¬inals (but not the speciad @→SYJ~)))2X↓oQSG AQCf↓]↑AKαs⊃β?2β≠'∪*β∂?;&KS'?rI0⊂@ V{Muλ@iI3Q(
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∞X↓=_HAy0X@Yα 3Ayb↓s∂Ip¬Bε@|H∂
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βC|ε7=8[⊂∩H87P #ause all @1←oKdαβ∂πO*β3↔SαLW.h≥≠d Y(λ∞Nαy72Y∧¬∃SαsS :∧λ
(λ⊂∩\zp f@¬YK@; ∧απ<≤⊂∩\α case when they a`%∀AeKC⊂AErAβK?WHhSCK∨?∪π59ααS :∞8W"π↑∧π&F≤∧h∞∞Xπq`%pπf@1∧ε7ε.=_ O∀λπjP~w⊂:4→P⊂7`0ti`∨]L~∃giIS]N@A`↔O,∧Bαα
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-L(~_.∀_Y1-d≠x⊃-mY9⊗λ⊂8wjH⊂1pwλ⊂27FB*h!`TbT⊗#~v2W,TRUE), UPCASE iusT be declared EXTERN∞ SEe
s@∃GiS←8@f\@ →1%hP4)Iq9αK↔∞#';≥ε≠#πK∞≠S↔K_h($
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any lOops reading characters into arpays of CHAR,
clqtdering@Ak`@AKgMK]iS¬YYb@↓cSKa1J@AC1O←eSQQSf\@A∩@↓QCmJ4∃S[a1K[K]QKHA%∃βλAS9i↑ACIaCsf↓C]HAACGWK⊂ACee¬sfA←_Aπ⊃βHXAoSQP~∃G¬aCES1SiSKL@AgS5SYCdα↓βS=ααNε&b;M↓β6+Ce↓ε3';∃αβOSKNs≥↓βNsCWPhSK/W&K;↔Mr↓απ9ε+cπ7εc∃β?2βS#∃ε3W31π≠g;S∂Aβ'LhP4)↓α↓↓↓↓αβK↔π"C';C/!3πK⊗ eEkF{←7πwIjm≡α↓≥1≥R:u$4Ph*S#O→β←'faβK↔∞!β∂#∂∪π∂S/∪Eβ'w#=βSF)βπK⊗ eβπ↔∪πeEπ+;S'bβ?;∃ε{⊂4+&CK↔∃π##';?→β#π∧εε.w7!PPh$∧αααε∃bα∧⎇lRε}d∞FF* 9ε∂⊗≤>F/↔4
V.wM≥vv.D
⊗rπM Rα⊗.,V∞Z∧∞6/"!Q"αα∧∧ααα∧¬εNr∧∞FFO4∧ε≡∂<Tαε⊗L≥fZα
}"αε=yF}r∀∧εO~∧∞&.∞Edα¬&
≡0hR∧∧ααα∧∧αε≡ ≡&∞∨L↑"αGM Rα⊗.,V∞Z =ε∂⊗≤>F/∩%∀εO~
mw"α∞∞W"α
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5 β!$λλλ∧∧λλλ∞=;Xq$∞~~4d ;_ p↑yP1g[:0tw≤P:42H72|:λ1t0y_qz2iλ⊂:40]ε@
wiLl be read by READ. Howmany (which cAn be any
integep variable) Ipε@Ag∃h@Ai<@@Ai!J@@A9k[EKH@@A←_~∀@@@@@@AGQCICGiKpε@Ai!J~)α↓↓↓↓α↓↓β∂F @⊗∞>LWαα∞Mε∂"∧λ
m};→∧
_=P∩H⊂7s2\367kYp⊂:4→P0p∩ray.
Howmany is q` hAQ↑A←]∀A[@?⊗)βS#∞q↓βSF)↓βOMS∃↓β|∧bαπM PhR∧∧ααα∧∧αε∂,∧X/∃α⊂⊂$[⊂⊂7i→2y⊂⊂≥4π allh∂nAβK?Uβ&yβ∪↔&+∂Qβ&C'Mβ≤∧↔≡(β"H∧∧λλλ∧∧λ≥3M≡=90⊗≡U
λIf Filline of the apray is terh C]¬iKHAα∪eβ¬αβ K↔∞Y↓β∂F @⊗∞>LW⊂@ [p→λ2p∞d↓←DAY%]JXAQQJAe∃ghA←_AiQJ↓CeeCdASfA
YKCe∃HAi↑↓EYC]-f\
∀4∃)QKIJ@ASL@Ag←5J@Aaβ∪? 3.i↓β∂∂+O↔⊃αβ e↓¬##∃↓ε3π∂Qα↓βS#∂!↓↓β&C∀4+NkC3↔n+;Sπ&K?9↓π+Oπ⊃αβ≠/IαβOπS~β? β≤CπKπ≥#↔KMε#?↔Mεs?Qβ∞c3 ?qQ&∞fDε∪∪Bλ~4≤L∀ 6F∂,≤7&/$λ6}&↑5bα¬Mtε∂6⎇≤Bπ&
~2ππ-|&f.UDεf←|↑ hV<≡6*ε= ↔⊗∞>LW↔~
≥bπ& TεNw∞↑Bε∂,Tπ'⊗\≡F." ≡2ε↔,\⊗Zε= ↔⊗∞>LW↔_Q-⊗2πM Rε≡}.&/∨
⎇f&Nlpπ/π ↑"ε≡≡<Rε≡ ≡&∞∨L↑"εO4∧εNr∧∞FF*∧ '⊗.≥1PW≡↑Ebααλ≥f"α ≥Fbα =vw'-⎇Bαε= ↔⊗∞>LW↔~∧ ↔⊗*∧∞G⊗.≡LV"α ≡2ε↔,\⊗Xh,=ε∂⊗≤>F/↔4
⊗"ε≥o∩ε≡⎇nG⊗↑D 6F∂,≤7&/$ ↔
π> V≡Nm≤V"ε≡4ε
ε\YV⊗/!Q&}∩∞Mε*ε.,V∞Z∞8W"r∧¬¬&∞$
↔
ε≥dε/F<X ∞M;{H¬T~=λ
≡h≥≤L\=→9∧ <h_!Q\y< ≡X=→$∧_z_.,8⎇→.%J(λ mβz2Pλ:40zλ⊂:42\pP⊂⊂≠4vtj_z4ww≤P⊂⊂0\2FE !ctually limitations in set implementation. They have
nothing specific to do with I/K. For example, id a lower
case character Iq mentioned as a meMber Od a set, Its upper
case equivalent is actually pUt in. Thus if you use ['a']
gr ['A'] as a break set, You get exactly the same results:
Both upper and lower case A are treated as break characters.
[Sorry, but thatmaans that all the SU-ASCII cHaracter less
than '40 are mapped into one spot, But only in sets of char.
You can read any character from the termifal, evEn with this
sPecial feature, but if any special Character Iq in the
breakset, then they all effectively are. -drf]
The break set can be omitted, in which case input breaks
gnly on end of line or when the array dills up. The integer
varaable cAn also be omitted, in which case the count is not
given to the user. Thus the actual syntax permitted is
read(<array-name>[:<integer-var>[:<set-expression>]])
The user is cautioned not to confuse this syntax with the
field width specification fOr output: READ(X:I) does not
specify a field width of I. Rather I is set After the input
is done to tell how many characterpεAoKIJACGQkCYYdAeKC⊂\~∀~(_f\@↓ qiK9gS←]LAi↑AAβ'πβ0~∃7∩≥YXAaUhABA9←iJA=\AKC
PAKqQK]gS=\ACf↓iVAo!KiQKHAShA!CfAE∃K\~∃QKgiK⊂AQKe∀AChA]CSif0AC]H↓oQKi!KdASPOfAY%CEYJ↓i↑Ao=eV]:4∀~∃)!KeJA¬eJAB↓MKnA¬IIKH↓ek]i%[KfA→←dAQ∃eJACPA/CSQf\@AQQKSd↓g←ke
Kf~∃¬eJAS8A) 1!β0]≠¬π7 b@Y'3't\~∀~)ae←G∃IkeJ↓KgGR!mCdA`uS]i∃OKdRlAKqi∃e\v~(∩PTA%]GeK5K]hA`AKCG AiS[∀AkgKHAI←KLA 'ε5∩A←d↓¬% β,[∩\~(∩@@A`AQCH↓EKii∃dAEJ↓BAOY=ECXAYCeCC YJ\@↓3←kd↓ae←OICZAG¬\~∀∩@AGQ¬]OJA`AoQK9KmKd↓ShAo¬]ifAQ↑@TR4∀~∃aI←GKIUeJAaQYIGP!FuGQ¬dRvA∃qaKe8vAae=GKIkIJAai1IghQLugie%]NRv↓KqiKI\v~∃Ae←GK⊃keJAAiYIY8vAKqQKe\v↓ae←G∃IkeJ↓aiYI VQRu%]iKO∃dRvA∃qaKe8v~∀@PTAπ¬YXAaQYIGP0AaiY⊃ghAC9HAai1IEV@!G←]iI←XzNH``XA5KiBz≤h``R↓eKaK¬iKIYdX~∀∪QQK\AAiYIY8Ai↑A1←CHAUgKdOLAYS]∀[KISQ←dAEUMMKdTR~∀4∀~∃aI←GKIUeJAU→]fQm¬dAfuMieS]≤vAmCHAGQC8uMSY∀rAESQbuC]QKOKd$rAKqQKe\V4∀PDAAkifA9C[JA=HAMS1JA←a∃\A←\↓GQC\↓S]i↑↓fP→α6{C7π"β∪↔C,s∪Mβ}qβ 'αN2bε≥L∩π&}∞3∪α (du~¬%⊂hW∞-v≡.NZ&*ε>↑&v∞U∞f∂∩ 9ε∞s,m⊗f+4∞f∂∩∞7'∨'-≥f:K4 WGε↑-cXh%
D∞≥=≤d
X;9$
yH⊃M≥→(∪n ;H∪md_z_-d~;]
t≤kλ∞>_;Y ≡Yλ⊃M}[8=∧¬_Z=∞↔,
(¬%!"Uh~⊂rλ Z5 +*I⊃(∀λ~P30*H4Thλ~Q(∩)D⊃∩1Hh4Q3JD∪tQλZTkλλitH⊂iyαh j⊂a$f$U,P∀⊂OTBE!Ui)"g∃&,P0⊂$j)SH i"P∪g&,P∀ i*$Pf&,P∩dh&"Sbg*"Q≥⊂ f∃`hiP∀"j*i∪)P#*S&⊂#$S"P' SbBEεBβ→P∞ "↓∪]akPX∞/W'βWQβ&yβOS⊗K;∨LhRf#π≤¬b?" ,V.r∞N&N.EDε↔/Dλλm};→∞|;≠λ∞⎇|ZkD¬9≤YKQ C"I≡λ~4d
y]→-d_{p↔≥2s4`%nt to be able @Q↑Akg∀AiQJ↓]kKE∃`[gGα ;+'v84+π⊗K3'SL+@~α
x D∧∀Q0(Dλ≥≠d∞≤[pl↑|h_$∞⎇≤Z-lh≠yD z_<L≤⎇→4NP4w_wαE \90|P≠q⊂!d⊂i↔⊂⊂∀trt`,ardi, it may be usafuL to use the
fobmattine capabilities of WRITE to make up a string od
cHaracters. To allow thesE opeRations( this ImpleMentation
prgfIdes a fac@%YSiR↓iP≥β'∪↔πQ∧∧∩πε≤=6.α ≡',>(∪l@⊂!d T⊂0yP~q⊂4`4
we@IJABAα3'3∃bβπ33|εvNvt
$, Dλ N4πm It and WRITE to id. This
@→CGSYαKSe↓∧K@~α X .]=X; ]]λ⊂~≠P:42H)"`∩EAD and REWRITE d¬`↔l8
≥{\c!∞≤Y4l]]λ⊂∀[⊂6pw≡P4vx≠2rr`.tati@=]fA←_A¬∨%Q%β≤\4⊂⊂∀*MrεN≥<Rπ<y(
|β⊂:4~yR⊂ 9ou must Uq`
@A∧@AMSαc∃↓β&CπQ↓∧CπM↓∧∪↔↔_hS∪↔∂d K↔⊃αα~&2*↓α>→∧~"εIp∧α¬⊗≡Mε/∩∞Mε∞r∞Z6Nvt
$-≤Z@∞␈∩λ∧Q*@i$j"CE:7P~w0 tializE I/O, yoU us@∀@A' I' (@↓←d@AM)%/%%)∃↓∧¬⊗w∨LX⊗"pβ"U
<y(∧ <|p↔Xtpz2H0P9`4p¬S@;8∧π>OMλ∞M→(⊂∪~v2P [2⊂9b]⊂:42H4s:2\4εal
λfil@∀Aa←S9iKdAβ#=βSF)β ↔>K; 6≥lrε↑dλ
(≤u∞4p∞gQS\Aβ##∃β≤K7C3,ε7 HαXp⊂\pTW A typi@
CX@A
CYX@↓o←kY⊂@AEJA')%M @"4J2∃EdjfεJ∀
e%8hRπ7LZ"π& ≡Bε≡≥IBεO4 ↔>⎇91∧λR3⊃&∀_x;D Y(≥.≤9λ∃m≡~λ∀HX1 λ ↑_kC↓QX;Y∧∧≥z3
Dλ≥_-<αP⊂9]qqr`3pπSmJAGQCICGiKI`
↓β|εW"α
xbαπM Rαε≤.&∂Hβ"S+_4TP+∃β⊂⊂)Zvpv0\68 , one Mightdo CTRWRITE(FILE2,YOURARRAY),
λa`≥Hα↓↓βSF+9↓↓¬+O*∧∧¬-∀~HRD4→HS∩beabJα∞Mrαπ}-↔&*∧
FFNl}2αε≥nFxh+→u-∀~*$
Jd∧∧f@⎇→(∞M_=⊂_yP;t]4⊂0P∀"ibj ⊂0wλ4vx6~qtz⊂λ#bjλ4yFE→7w2Pλ0yP⊂≤0y: kf the STRSET. Thus Immediatel@dACMi∃dAiQ∀~∃')I' (X↓iQJA→Segh↓GQC@⊗ ∂S↔⊂β?2∞Mε*π>N&Nvt∧εO~∧ ⊗rα∞Mε*α h
-L#"P⊃≥q32i ∧EεE∩z⊂4iH87qyZq22P≥5P9z_y:⊂$Kdπ at a Location other than the
beginniNe oF the array. To do so, qse a third argume@9hX~∃]QSGP↓SfAi!JAS]⊃KpA←_AiQJ↓ISegβ!β↔∪.k↔;Q∧εFzα ,RαπN,⊗w≡lX N 9 C!λ+YcD∧λλ∀jJTq5¬λR3⊃&∃⊂εl`T) lV
TP⊂6Ypw9Pλ:40zλ⊂:42H⊂#bjλ⊂;tf≠ε@
retrieve elEmant 5 from M@3¬%%β28@@Q)!SfASβ→↓α6L
JJεMYVu9α↓α'PhS'M↓εs?Qβv+∂↔O≡ K'3JβS#∃∧3' S@β↔3↔n+;Q⊃¬≠';∂*βS#∃∧K;∪↔Bβ7'∨G 4+ *↓5IArqYβ?∩βO?7/##';8¬bHh!Q%&F↑,RεO4 ∩ππ-x6.'↑,Rπ&t∞6.
∞⎇ε/⊗T∂⊗␈* :W↔⊗]nFgJ ≡&*α
≥bαπM PhW>N&Nvu`αα∧≡DεO~λxU$LhHUBFm→F*gl≡&N∞-HRJR∧
f∂⊗α88ML(~0→H9rz≥7FE*~2P1`5rrent index into the array. This ipεAiQ∀AS]I∃pA←LAiQJ4∃aQS9J@Ai!Ch@A]SYXA JAeK¬HAEr↓iQJA9KqhA≥ @Q=dAoe%i`∪↔p∧ε↔J∞Mε(h-lWGα
U"JaQ hTmx
T≥~_.D≠[h∞∞9]~-\αP2`2pkr Messages wilhλ@Aα+[↔IαβK↔O,cQ↓β4ε&}hQ( nNX;Yd∧⊂∧WgK⊂⊂⊂)Z7zv $ yoU reN o`-∃` βSF)β↔l@λ
|β⊂:4→P9z9~w3VεBαPASCAH wilhλAgαK7C3JβG/DλTl2¬
w$nate thesE two
cases$ Id∧Ac←TAGC@⊗)1$Q!PU& X LT~<h ≥≤{h ∀λ→Sn↑]~∧
|≥~-⎇X;λ∧ <Y⎇-\8π:⊂λ:7P⊂∀h))bU⊂⊂0w→∧E)j∀+i$j⊃Tε This sets a l@%[ShAα{9β#⎇9β'W≤¬αε↑d
FF* ≡'ε∂∀λ
m≥≠β"L,(≥<l\ Hλ ≡λ≥~∞↑h→z.l<h≡-}(λ∃
(λ⊃,LY8p~λ⊂7s⊂λ:42Pλ9zq9]94w3CE0∂`Ep¬Ci←H@AS\A!1|I0∩α∧λf␈∩ X∞ ≥<≠⊂∩K⊂)`∀RTπ%∪)∀Q→Ed
IE1~aQ%β>K3 Q( ,≥y(∩.D≤≠tntq6 % to @
QCMO∀AGQCICGiKI`
↓M¬#=↓Y∧K;∂3-≠'[∃p↓↓απ0h#π ≤+;A1∧εFF* h n↑]~ ≡Yx
`-ent @⊃KECkαcSMβ&yβS#*β3πO β3 ><≡FN}d ⊗ph,¬~ T_8 9_|WεEβE'7`4e that abrays Od∧AiSAKfA←β##↔I∧εFF∞βH⊂iλ4H⊂l≥H_Y$∞<y0∩ ⊂⊂*4→|BE -ust be PackeD ar`%¬sf@1∧¬ε␈>↑hW%Hλ
≥H≠p→→2y⊂ &or an arbay to
λbe Consi@⊃KeKHαβCπ∂↑+⊃1β&C∃β↔d∧Vn8π:9H4zyjλ80urH8x⊂ H40v & wo@IH∩¬←H@AYKMfP→↓ααg?Uαβ∂π9αβ∪↔∂d K∃↓∧ 9↓β∂∪@⊗∂∀∧¬∧ 98T"∧~*$
M5ael\aQ$L@U⊃1hZKλ⊂N↑λ~5∧
<h≠M}λ≤Y,≥≠≡( ={\z,L<Y9∧∞_8rl\ J#!! Sp∪λ1wzy≤p¬ @QQJ@Aα3'3∃αβπ;⊃αβS#∃αβπKK∂I↓β7/≠Q↓βF [∃↓∧εFF*∧
6∞nQQ'.vL↑&gNα;Yd∞≡8⊃%@⊂⊂∀*~4yP4\β checked8R~∀~)¬KoCIJAiQ¬hASh↓SfAa=`∂O'⊗c∃βSzβO/Dλλ$ Z;⊃$∞≠hλ ≥Hλ_..X>+∧∧_;Y↓Q]~→-d→>~.D≥~→$ Xε7aZβ inwhich the array is defined. The f@%YJ
∃αK@~πM Vrπ
x
-n~;Yd
⎇=
≥]≠h
m⎇z→. +Hλ
M~<h∧
<hλ
m⎇λλ ><\Y-n≠≡#!,→=→,>→9↔βE
3 ≤@∩α7?;LεF␈∩ 8λ-Mα9FE⊗βP∂←e-bP→αv{S∃β&CπQαα:T8q0 iH4¬usT be BMK@→ ¬_XA←β⊃βC#*β∂?7∧K3↔HhS←'MDε≡}↑
F∞NβK@⊂λ,srP_ps∪zλ4∧eave ou@PA-β_↓C]HAM+ππ M&~∃KYK\ASα1βg|¬( M{I⎇∧∞βpw:λ87P %ver @1←←VA¬hAiQ∃ZP→↓n#C~thP4*≠|ε"πε
x lT→_<M≥Yh⊂→[zr9P≥t7P 7ant @Q↑AQCYJACG
Kgf@↓iP≥↓∧ 3 "∧λ
!"P∪_qtv$]4ryPλ4πf @QQJA[¬GQS]∀XASH↓SfAaα{@∨≡≤-F*πMtεNw<X ND⊂p3 I)x FB4s:7H<p∂`+HAae←≥` πU`λ∧λp3∪ ∃ K∩%IK∃P)E∀p
aPbiiTH9tv , do @∧Aπβ→1∩~)⊂q↓↓α&C∃↓β∞≠∂W7.cπS?⊂∧π>Nβ≠λ
=Y( ∀≤≥0~λ4s⊂$]9P6 %d¬`⊃βF 3→β∞s⊃αλhS'9βLεG4≤Z1m∞λ~_-LKHλ
M→(∃L≥≥9(
|H≥~ T_8p⊃]vzv !th∂d@↓C@≠S,ε"απM PhT8→DdJ∧λ
m≥≠λλ ,(λ⊂_≥z⊂4`.tk FAL. SUCCESS wi@1XAEJ↓iekJ↓S@≠→∧εFF(Q(4 Dβ∩(∞utp⊂S,∧@A≥=iJAi!ChA∩↓C]HA(AGC\αβ ∃β∞se↓β,πππ⊗↑8 m≥{K@⊂λ⊂#7FBαp sA∀@AGQ∃GWS]≤ASfA⊃←]J\α↓αβ?p;QβO∂Iβ@>TλFN&d}Bε>≡h $∂8πp∃ enge@≥P~+⊗{C∃¬ααS#∃∧∧fO↔>@ε∂⊗|X ,]]λ⊂⊗]yz⊂ "e anAS@;&+↔/$∧ε≡}n>F∞wEDαε∂1Q'&FTλ4 Dβ∩(
≡h_p↔[x4v %d inline.A≠C]dAπβ→1∩OfA!CmJAA←S@;&+@↔~∞MphVβ≠p⊃Xz4w`.pεA←D↓EQ←Gα[@~ε≥`λ∞M→:0→λ90st≥⊂40v→↔⊂⊂*~2P1`/mpilEp∧@Ao%YP⊂4Tε&.∞M≠&*α
_
∧∧~9H∧ Hλ⊂∀\β an array @=` βK,∧6␈⊗EDε∞vDλ
m≥≠λ⊂~\β`
AB4⊂ C?L¬g&/$λ
t~8
p¬CiQ∃` βSF 9βS↔K';≥∧εFzα X
L≥≥8= Tλ~0~ α Certainλ
*-*5∨Mαβ∪ :∧λ M}λ≥x-nα⊂:4→P40v→α wo@IHAM←β∪7πQ∧εFF* ≤&␈6Tλλl≥≠λ⊂→Yz9FE≥x⊂∞ @'αy↓↓↓∧εFG⊗\Tααα
x
<Hλ∧∧≤}0↔≥0|2`3 @¬`
↓↓α↓βC?α>6N⊗β→.AQPp3 I*λ ε $V+ S⊗)`∃C@π 'ε$@AS]QKeae∃if@A$@AC@~↓β¬↓∧∧g.fDλ
m}Yλ⊂⊂[2εE ,oad`&↓ShASαsS :∞Mε*ε≤8λn]=;⊂⊂]4πr. CALLI(2,:3( -β0Y'+π
'&R↓kgKf4⊂ MβL¬bπ~→( ≤x⎇0⊗]v0p∀op∧AMSα+3⊃Dλ
,@w0∂`%%]NAo!ChASβ→β'dε2`$λ
∃
<h⊂∀\β
αdepπSO]∃H@AMα{@∩α∞MεNv|4αε@~:y$∧⊃0 $U⊂⊂7`2 WAIT. Thes@∀@@A-*5∨LhS';S,ε'π⊗↑@λ∧∞α42Pλ aP⊂→αiel@⊂ACfAβ≠?7↔&C';≥∧¬w&F↑ λ∞M_;@⊂_w⊂ aKα Be
su@IJA]←β!β@&tλ
.≤αP:4~yP3 /p¬P↔πα@λ
≤β⊂:4→P*`∃O is @≥←S@;8∧π&@h~0↔≥2y0⊂@IKh~∃αKQβπα4ε∞rλ_2
αλε0↔]P40{→P12`%n warned!$A)QJ↓βεAMαK↔3⊃∧εf∞g\Tεo/>AP@,Y(⊂⊂[⊂4w:→pπer↓G←]gβ#π;Qp∧α∧≤→IDJC%I∪@)K∃P)E∀p
aPbiaTH8:z9H$P0w→∧¬∃∀AS@9ααε
β∞s⊃αε~YE 2∧ ∩ε∞βY⊂∩⊂0q2H4ε`∨@ ∧π'O Tε≡F\8
l\α⊂∞ R@ β'M∪∂8hSπ;⊃∧∧∩ε6↑pλ
}~→0→λ*jgS\β ne@∃HAgkα≠!βπα,w.n]nG5β
λ¬'Q←β+3⊃βL¬w*π⎇_ m∧λ≥≠d∧→≠h∧∂8πp∃@H@A←@>q↓α∃yrαπ↑8
-lhλ⊂h→α I'pε@@Q=`λ4,X∞∞L<[X-Dλ∪0(i'P⊂≤90∂c@∃I`↔K,ε2Jα∂_ nTλ≤p∀≠zr2 p gJA`∪#*↓β'nLV <αyεE→αp @;≤εFN}dλt-⊂r∪E@⊂⊂$`4 retup¬P≠M∧εFF*
nVn⊗↑ λ
|β⊂⊂ 4he @→Seghα↓β≠K,∧PhV= ⊗v@Y; ∧∧≠x -1 i@_A`∪#,ε&*ε≤∧Y$
β0∂ne fre@∀X ↓αLεBε@=<p~λ12P $eclare`λ~∃α+c@&↑-f∞b
_ D∂8πzP≥pp∞t↓iP≥β,ε6*α
_
¬@⊂⊂⊂)⊃d∧CHN may be p gKα!↓βSxh ↔⊗↑NW-β⊂0@8t0w7→v⊂:7H8∧he ph∂←X↓←@→β∂3π'L≤&f* 8
≥Xπ2`,pεP→↓∧KQβ7-≠P (αX;∞wP⊂ "e decla`%∃H@AKβCS↔Kv 11↓∧∧⊗v"∧λ
≡hλ⊂⊂H⊂9t`.dπYJ@AS@;&+⊂≡<C"L≡Yx
`-ent.A!YKα @≡(_Y$∞⎇<Y$∂8πp∃ on`→@Jβ@⊗/L¬0→≠⊂1t0[4εel@LA`∪#∂!β#παh !QXY0∩[⊂#bj⊂βH@≤O∃HBB@Q)↑Aα3@⊗.Tλλ$∧_z_-mβ2v⊂λ0yy`)dπ]KHαAEr@↓!β'π¬_X~∃
→∨'
A`∪#*↓β≠≥H %@⊂⊂⊂!S'ibPλ4yP ! standard↓ae@?≤∧V'<Y+E∀⊃[p→λ842FBαreally dap¬S@;8¬BπNβx
P≠p|P 'et the chanjel o` ABα↓β≠πd∧RαπM ↔"α
↔λh,,V.r∧λ n 8π2`$ by PASCAL,∧@A <AI↑Aβ##'MbβWO∃∧~VJ∞Dq#≠≥H %∃β⊂⊂*~4yFE≤2z2`2ns an iftee` dX↓C]HAαkWOQ∧∧&*εLX6f∂,XBε/∞LWε@X; AQ@εEβ→S⊂∪ IH
∪)A%∨π ⊃+%
~)7'Q←UYHAo=aV\@5IeM:4∀∩¬-¬eSCE1KfA←_Aica∀AgGC1CdXAMkEeC9KJXAA←S]i∃dXACI` πe∧{AβK,≠?K⊂hS∪↔∂d K↔⊃αβ'9↓∧εFF*∧ V∞NβHλ∞∞[y|L≥(λ≠,∨(λ_LTλ~3M≡~8;
∨Y9 /(_;AQR3R*J∀SphX∃0Q%@⊂⊂*4→P17r≡P7s⊂_w⊂$g∩h( ∩OAEDURE cOntainq oNly~∃α GO'>s7↔n@απ∨L≡F.n]nG
@Hλλ ≥Y~0l↑hλ_.P⊂;r[4∧ aq the assIdπ]KH4⊃`≠πg+↔Mβo+OQ↓∧∪∃↓β≤¬vw∨L≥g'~d∧α∧∂>8
,@w6r`.t to co@5aW]KαsSM↓∧{⊂⊂@ ¬0 !ckedAgieUGike∃`
↓βLε2απ
x ntq6 % if the @
←[a←αs↔;S~β?∂∂-βeβ∧hS⊂↔9≠λ∞⎇|Y↔βE( I dkn't q`≥I∃` OS∞s⊃β←F QβSFK@~π,X nNX∧q`4ion @%`
βO∂K';≥p¬7',kPhPβ"U
(≤v-nα0p_↓←@→β∞q↓α→i∃%¬)x4,%XTαεO4∧ε∂~∧λ M⎇≠≠p≠\β (the @ACei@_h ⊗.βXp⊗≠yrr in @6αβπ;⊃¬iβ .≥∀ε∂π Xλ.⊂_⊂ /p∧A[←β∪∃βSL¬V/~α.C!∧¬∀~(@@@@d¬⊗vOL∧⊂→≠qrr:\αe0≤@hp `* →dM∀⊂ 'PβEDURE ;
BEGIN <ass@%H∂;\X NNoH⊃)@"≥FEβE⊂⊂⊂∂4p∞i@PAaC@↔!y↓iSi↓`&≥m↔'π-xλl\α:y2O⊂-P≡~w0 `)A` ><X ∞↑Y(∂7F@
The <i`≥Sβ!↓βC∂∪Q`2∧λ .↑⎇λ⊂∪≠v67`7 p QJ↓mCeSα &Tλ \{_<L≡~;p↔λ80p∩t
and pre@
K@∪∃∧εFF*∧λ ∞4πce@⊃keJ@decl@¬` πSL¬vrα∞λλ.:⊂⊂ /d∧@Ai!J@A[¬S\4Tεπ-yx 0[Tε
λ¬≥@?αLRπ~_=∧ 3R5
Spq(J4Q4d ≠h⊂↔≠z⊂1`/mpil@∀AS@;&yβ∂?&)0∩α∧ ⊗w∨LXλ,Aα@
they p@UhAiQ∀A`≠πdεV/~∞8 \z9P∀Yp∧ i@9iP≥β∂βCK|∧≤M≤=→(∞
α0q`%pεAS\βiQJ~(X
J⊗bβ⊂⊗Nβ→+∧∞{h⊂~~0z⊂ 4he v@¬` 'π⊗c↔Mβ∂∪∃β'vKS'πd¬↔V.DλλO∀λ≠⊂↔Xp∧ing
the pro@≥` πU`
¬&
_ d
αrpw≤β that p∪←β)βO#|εVf"
mw"ε≤¬≥ ]<≥⊂≥4π c@¬YP⊂4T∧⊗r∧α3R*J∀SphX∃0 "Kα I@PAC@3≤¬rαε\Xλ-nhλ⊂~~0z⊂⊂~pε @e←j@Aβ∪↔OS∂∪Q↓βλh ↔π-x n0p
*2W3@. b`2↓=ε@6α:D
∃E∃Bπ~→( →β$j(∀'abb∃i"`∪ wi`→X↓]P∨Q∧∧&(hαX 2Y4πne. We p¬KG←αk7.l@∂6/,ε(∞z97`.dπY`%∧εFF∂D ∀`)5∀∀I@abb*T ¬S @=]P∪@⊃Q&⊗*∞X l\α⊂3 /p∧AG←αs@∨&≥nBε&≤¬_%@ε@
B');
OTHERS : WRITELN('VALUE IS NEITHER A NOR B')
END %CASE STATEMENT\
3.5 LOOP Statement
[Should work. -drf]
The LOOP statement is an additional control statement which
combines the advantages od the WHILE and the REPEAT
statement.
The LOOP statement has the following syntax:
<Loop statement> ::= LOH∂ ~(@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ygi¬iK[K9h|A6l@ygi¬iK[K9h|A:4∀@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@↓ 1∪(↓∪ @y∃qaeKMgS←\x@v~∀@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ygiCQK[K]P|A6vygiCQK[K]P|A:~(@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@A∃≥~∀4∃)QJAKqaIKggS=\@A[Ugh@AIKgkYPAS\A∧A¬←←1KC\AYCYkJ8@A≥←β#∃βSF P4 &C↔K∃εkWOQε∪∃β↔F ∂S3Jβ?;∃∧*b&Q∧J→β'rβ↔π∂Bα2>>αp4(∀P1M92α∞2>≤)βπ; α∩&NlJNL4UZ ?M∧π>␈-5bαnN,ehh!Q%&F↑,RεO4 ∩εf≥]↔"ε|dβ H→R-L<h_,>~=Y$ =λ∃
(≤x-\(≥~-\+Hλ¬
~~<aQX<h∧ (λ≠-⎇Z=≠n$≠~;-≡_=~-⎇H≥~ ≡λ∀⊂*8p3λ <9H→
t≠[u
;Y`⊂_q7rj α)~∃MQ←kY⊂AsOJ↓]KKH↓iP≥β/≠∃β7|ε&*πM ⊗rβ⊗dε&NL↑2εNdλ∩απ∞-v?⊗≥QBαε≡APV@8>(∧ Y(λ ={]Y-m9;]∧∧≥≠h∧ Y(_,-→(∃
t≤Y3 \<y(∞M→(⊂m 9[Y-D≠yH ⊃ YR-L(λ≡-}(λ_.,(λ⊃M≥Z<p∀→p⊂⊂+Zz4↔ To do this, execute
CH ∨'∀QMCY∀RP→↓ααS#'~β∪ >↑4ε
ε]yfO&}$∧≤@∪tq$ 9Y⊂_P)"f⊂d#⊂'[⊂:42CE1t0[72v⊂≠q⊂:4→P892]4wriH⊂34`,e. CHOSE has the additional
advanta`∂J@↓iQChα↓β'Q∧¬V∞↑↑4π&FTλfNfT ⊗≡≡↑>6N⊗LUbα¬]mF/∨4λ4d⎇8QPVO4 F}vUDπ&FT fNfT
↔
εmzBεNd ⊗␈/$λ
≡Y8u
}↑(∃-n~;λ∞M→(≤∞-y|X-Q YR-m<z→.5β⊂⊂⊂∩w⊂⊂(_y:4a]v0y, if the systeM crashes, you Lose
all Files that↓QCmJ↓]←hA KK\A
→∨' ⊂\@A→%SBA∀*ε⊃⊃∧:⊗QD∧ε/&5e@hWM Rαεm_ Tλ≠X-\(λ≠,∨(λ_LTλ≠s-≡≥→9¬dλ∩1D
=λ⊂∀\V⊂4jλ22s !ults to
ILPUD∞ Also, there ipεAC\↓←aiS=]CX@↓S]iK≥Kd@AACeC[∃iKd\α↓↓α'0h+S#O→↓β'~↓βOC.≠'≠'.!1↓βO!β'Mπ+O↔⊃∧ EβSF)βπ∪'∪↔OMε3'↔3"β? β&C∀4*≤b>N∃¬*V=9ααO↔∃π##∃αn{;'S␈⊃α∂πfcE↓βn ;Wπb↓β≠?∩↓βS#*↓β↔≠6+∂Q8hQ"7?∨!↓↓β/≠↔KMα↓β←'fa↓β;/3↔I↓εs↔↔⊃αβS=↓π+O∃↓π##'Mαβπ∪∪O#'?;∞`4+C∂∪π7↔&+I9$hP4*'rβO?7*β∂πO-→1βg␈)β←'faβ ∃ε≠K↔π&K;≥β
β≠'3*↓βπ;"↓β∪↔≤K∪∃↓πK?T4T#?9∨"↓β←πw!↓β'"q↓α≠␈⊃β↔c∞kC3∃ε β∂?oβ'3↔∩β∪'O≡{[↔K~βS#↔⊗)βπK(h+↔K⊗{KMβNqβS#*βCK??∪π5β∞s⊃β←∞sSMβ&yβπ ␈∪Qβ∂⊗+πS'v9↓βSF)↓↓:∀*04+6K3∃9α↓α∩&≤j&NMF3'3∃J↓β←'faβπ ␈∪Qβ∂⊗+πS'}qβ?→π##∃β6K3∃9αα?;∀hS∂?Wf!βπ3≡yβ∪=¬∩⊗↑JM"∃#≠Nc∃%9ααS#∃ε#'≠≠/∪↔;∂*↓β'MαβS#π"↓βS#O_4+∂⊗+πS↔~↓β¬↓εs↔]↓πS↔K=nc↔;∨&A↓β≠Nc∃1β>C'∂!π;'31π≠WC↔⊗≠↔∪∃ε ;d4WβK↔[N{WMβ6+CO'}q9↓α$JN6&≥→β∪?/→β;?"β∂#πv;∃βπwIβ?3"↓β[↔↔≠'?9ph*∩&≤j&NMπ∪↔3↔∂≠↔Mβ&C∃β∂F ;;↔bβ'9β&C∃βO∞k∃β←∂IβπM∧~2>N*p4(∀P1M9:α6εJZβπ;⊃¬∩⊗"⊗
~∀4*];#eβv{QβW≡)α∩&≥α>N∃εK;OS. ⊃⎇↓n#K~thP4*6
∩-βπv!αJ⊗d*εN∃ε≠π9β⊗)βWO.!βS=ε{K∨πvKk∃↓π##∃↓εC↔πAαβ3'/*↓β∧4W≠Sπ∂Zq↓↓α⊗{S!↓εCπ[∃αβ?;∃αβCπK∞k↔S↔∩↓β←#N≠!↓βo+OQ↓ε∪∃β?2βSgC(h*&:$*≡⊗Iph(4*l
J-"BIβπO≡K∨;Mπ#=αaπ##∃β∨+KK↔w!βS?αβ?→β&C∃β#. A9↓¬##∃β6 3W∀hS?→↓ααa↓↓π≠#?Wf!↓β;␈!↓β *↓βπ3&+K↔⊃αβW;SNa↓βSF)↓β∂␈∪K↔Oε{;∪'v84*J,b⊗εN*Ba%8hP4*J,b⊗εN*Ba%β≡+SMβ&C∃βS␈↓β?→π##∃βF+πAβ&yαa9ααS#'~βK↔3. O↔Mε 304W##∃↓εKS↔7~β←#'≡Aβ←↔⊗)β∂K. S↔⊃ε∪eα:-9βO'v≠∃βSF)β∂?↔∪↔OC}s∪';8h*6ε∀Y"a%r↓αWO*β?→β⊗+3↔π≡)β'Mε#π;∨/∪?WMεK→βπwIβ?→π##∃↓π∪↔∂?⊗#L4+⊗+3↔π≡+⊃↓β≡{;SπNsMβ¬ε3'3∃r↓α∩&≥α>N∃ε{⊃β¬π∪↔∂?⊗!β∂?w#π';Ns≥β∧hS≠'3*β←'3bβ∂?K⊗+∂S3Jβ∂3?≡)βS#*β≠'3*q↓α#⎇;↔[↔∩↓αJ⊗d*εN∃αβ'M↓ελ4+ O!β7?⊗)β←#}c↔Oπf)1βπv!β≠'f+Mβ←Nc1β;␈!β∨↔"β∂3?≡+⊃84Ph*;?&)βS#∂!α6ε∀Yβπ;"αJ⊗2,
N∃↓ε K∃↓πβK? ∞∪3e↓εs?Q↓π+O↔≠.a↓β←O# 4+π∪?∨K∞kM↓β&CπQ↓π+O∃α$JNB>≤)1βONs∂∃α$JNB>≤)β';6{/↔Mε β∪gv 7' hS7↔7␈∪eβ7∞sπ∨↔∩βS#π β∪?↔~β;?Qε 33?≡ S∃β&C∃β#. Aβπ~↓β¬↓π≠'7Cf(4+O& ∂-8hP4(1M9Bα%>=ε3π∂'fKS'↔~β≠?Iπ;'kπ⊗#Mβ?vcd4*]K↔M1ε∪WQβ/≠∃βSF)β[↔↔≠'?9π;'S!π≠←'S≡C↔Mβ∨β↔∂'6K↔⊃βNqβ¬β∨#K';8h+Kπ&C↔Iβ&Cπ9β&C∃↓YπβπKπn S↔Iε≠π33~βS=α∀*N⊗Qε ;⊃α∀*↑J&$)1βπ_h+↔cεcπ';&)βOS∂∪S';:β?9βfK;∃↓≠↓β ↔f{]9↓n#K~thP4*B
~∞ε1εCπMβ&C∃βπ⊗K3'SJβS=β/≠∃βSF)β≠Wfaα%>z↓β∂πε '3O#'↔Mαβ?_4U">BMk A9↓ααS#'~β';∂g+∪↔Mπ+; W63↔K↔"α%>=bβ≠'3*βWC∪∂#';≥bβ↔S
ph)"#␈;↔[↔∩βπQβ&C∃β7}k↔;Qπ+; W63↔K↔"α%>=εKMβ;␈!↓βO/βC?K&+⊃↓β6{H4+&KK↔∂"↓βWO*↓β eπ##∃βπ∪?∨K∞k7↔IrIα7?∨!β?→π##↔O*β←'↔⊗!β?C&K?;LhSπK∃π≠C↔∂N3'↔⊃εK9βπ⊗;W7↔w#MβSzαJ⊗N-!βπ;"αJ⊗↑∀JR∃9α↓αS#*↓β≠Wf`4+≠␈∪5β?2βS#↔≡)βCK}≠↔∪W⊗+Mβ'v≠3W∪/→βS#*β≠?3f{←';:βπK∨.k↔;S≠P4(4R↓↓↓↓¬∩⊗N⊗"↓!s≠Nc∃β'&+;S'6K↔Iycc≠'3*βOC↔≠q1sC⊗{S↔∂&K?9y`h)↓↓α↓↓↓↓α↓↓↓↓α↓↓↓sF∪3?∂[q1s .3≠↔K~kπ;⊃n∪'SMras7?&)y$4Ph(4*}s3eβ&C∃β≠O∪OQβε Kπ7/#↔IβO→↓βK/ W'K.!9↓↓∧{7'S&+⊃↓βε Kπ7/#↔KLhSπK∃αβ∨'[.q↓βSF)β∪↔6 W3Qπ3π3W*β?→↓α↓#↔c≡+CQβ6{I↓sn{∪∃ybβ←#?≡(4+∪.3πW3"β∪↔C.s∪Mβ/β?9β&C∃βSOβ∃↓β}1↓β≠Nc∃1↓ε ;⊃↓βc≠'3*↓βOC.→y04W;#?O*↓β∪↔6 W3Qπ3π3W*β'M↓:9%9↓∧K9βO}k∃β∂∂≠↔Mβ&C∃β7}s'S?∩β←'3`h+K↔εcπ∂∃π##'Mβ↓β←'&Aβ¬β&+≠πWg!β[πg+∃9↓∧K9↓β␈##↔Iαβ∂πO/→1↓β&C∀4*∧
N∞εb↓βKWw#'7↔~↓β←'fa↓βO/βC3eεKSMβ␈;9β∪.3πW3"β'9βεcπ∂∃ε{→β∧hSk↔Kzp4(4T3?Iβn{∪∃β∞s⊃β .3≠↔K~aβ←#N≠!β?7#↔9βNs[?36)↓βOε+∂'≠NK;≥↓ε∪'SM`h+'QεKMβO}k↔S'n+Mβ7␈≠Qβ∂}s[↔;N+;Qβ&yβOC.≠'≠eπ##∃β∂∪∨W7.sQβ←O# 4+
βO↔Qr↓α ↔≡ WO∃ε{→βSF)βK↔π∪↔O↔w#πS'}qβ?→¬βπO∂∞aβO↔'→1↓α[⊃1VthS∨'[/→βg?*β¬β←␈∪⊃β←O#!β O#M↓Iε ;⊃↓*βO↔QαC%;∃r↓↓F ∩ F UJp4(4U##∃β6{K5β≡C?←9ε ?[*β'Mβ&C∃β?f!1β≠.c1↓β6{K5↓ε{→↓β&C∃↓α∀*N⊗Qph* ↔≡ WO∃αβ;=↓ε{;∃↓αC';∂g+∪';:β7∃%ε≠?W3"βK↔7.k ↔Iπ;#'∂Bβ 'QεKL4+>C'∂!bβ¬β;/9β≠?⊗iβ'MπβK?[N#↔⊃β>C'∂!ε 33??→βg?*↓βS=αβO↔QαβS#∀hS7?O"βWO↔7+1β O#Mβ JβS#∃π+O∃β}1βO←O#∂#↔~q↓αSzβ∪=β&C'M1πβπOMελ4+O'∪';≥ε3?Iβ&C∃βSFKK⊃βε Kπ7/#↔I1ε);≥8hP4)↓α↓↓↓↓ααJ⊗N-!"→1< : ≥b9>%>*9$4(hP4*#/∪∃βπ⊗)βS#*β7↔πvK;≥β}1βS#*βO←'&≠#↔Mr↓α≠?∩β∪↔S∞K3M↓ε{9↓β>CπP4W##↔eαβ∪=1αβg?Uαβ←'3b↓β#π6)βS=εc??-ε∪↔3?:β←#↔⊗)βS#*β 'S~βS#π h+S#/IβO↔"βπK∃ε#↔O∂⊗K ↔⊃r↓α;?&)↓βSF Q↓βN{U↓β≡ 9↓βnKa↓β&C∃↓β';<4+v{SπSN{;M1αβ%;∃r↓↓βW≡)↓β¬π≠SK'v9β≠?∩βS#∃π##'K"βCπK∞k↔S↔∩βπ;⊂hSS#↔rβ∨=β}qβS=π≠↔Qβ⊗KSMβNqβS#*β3πS/⊃↓βC∂∪π7↔&+KM9α↓αS#*↓β ''_4+O/!β'9π##∃β';=β←∂KMβπ⊗)β?I>+⊃βS};↔S#/⊃84)α↓↓↓↓|⊃k;9α↓↓↓↓∧∪gS∃α↓βO'V)↓↓β∨β↔∂'6K∂πSN{99↓α↓αS#*↓↓β;.k ↔HhQ↓↓↓α↓↓↓↓αβOC↔≡K≠'↔"↓β∨?/→↓β'w#=↓β&C∃↓β↔KS∃β≡Kk∃β6K↔3⊃ε{→βSF(4)↓α↓↓↓↓α↓↓α>∧*:→β>{K⊃9αα'Q↓εKM↓βn ';3J↓βWO.3W1↓ε3?I↓εCπ;∪fK;≤4R↓↓↓↓α↓↓↓↓εK;∪W∨#Ke7≡{7Cπ&K 3∃αβ7π∨& C∃1αβ←#↔⊗+'9↓Bβ 'Qε∪gS↔_h)↓↓α↓↓↓↓α↓βπK*βWO↔7+19↓∧3?Iβ&+Sπ'g→βπ ␈+QβSF)β7↔∞s';≥ε{→↓β&C∀4)α↓↓↓↓α↓↓↓β↔KS∃β≡Kk∃1π≠↔∃β≡+∂S'}q↓M9BqM9PhRm. /D Data transmission errors will be handled by the
user. See the section below on eRror handling
(section 3.8.6). A data transmisSion error is
qsuallp∩@↓B@Aa!sgSG¬XAae=EYKZ↓←LAg=[BAg=ah\@↓'KJ@= ~∀@@@@@@@AM=`Aae=EYK[LAoSi AiQJ↓MWe[¬hA←L↓iQJA⊃CiB\4∃6←λ↓QCg\≥hAEK∃\Aie%KH@9αk∪K~hh)↓↓α↓↓>∃∧+;⊃β|1↓β3Ls∃↓β≤¬ε∂⊗≤:F/↔4∧π>Nβ≠λ∧ Y(λ∞m<z0⊃≠2P⊂:≠P⊂:4→FA⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂89≠sy0vK⊂⊂⊂'≠y2pv≠<P !scal programs put ablank in
the Input buffEp∧AChαβS#∃∧+;⊃β}1β3'v)9↓αN1βS#M→β≠3∞84)↓α↓↓↓↓α↓↓β'~↓βO↔ a↓βSF)βπ∂'+π1β,¬f"ε|dεfNlTε≡F≤,⊗∨&↑$ε∂π X↔↔_Q$ααα∧∧ααα∧ ⊗rπM Rε↔\h L↑KHλ mβy6p[68 @∧AgS]≥YJ@A≥ @A]SYX@↓aKCH4∀@@@@@@@AaCGβ!β |Mαε
8λ.∞Z89lT≤Y5∞↑Xπ⊂0[2⊂0@≠4p∞e feed since
α they are a @MS]OY∀AYS]∀AaKe5S]Ci=d\@A khASα1↓↓>*↓β'LhQ↓↓↓α↓↓↓↓αβOπQbβS#∃ε≠πKKN ∨∃β⊗+S@/-dε∞vD
FF*
H
-l(→Q,\λ≥z-Mα⊂12CE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂:92Xz2r_yP9r\0y0z→P⊂1t_y0qz→y9V⊂λ0r24≠zst⊂λ)"`b∪'εE⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂+Zv6⊂9]4v6⊂≤utx⊂≥42v@_7z4↔βE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂↔c⊂⊃7y6p]⊂2y9≠y9P4[⊂:42H20z0H;tv6λ⊂12Pλ40w2≠2r⊂⊂_<P⊂:~2FE⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂:\ry↔⊂λ⊂)rbH⊂:42H⊂9rq]4ww⊂λ12v7]P7w⊂→y97yλ40w2≠4w3FB⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ∀9rq]4ww⊂ W≤↔≠
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Note that the standabd PASCAHλA∩=_
β≠∞≠'3'&K↔Mβ≤∧⊗rε,Tπ/≡\@λ∧
8πεE_w<P⊂≠wr2Pλ30∂b↓oQSGαAβC#,π∩ε@8:y$∞y;\lUβ⊂⊂$Yα GET h∂dAA+ ⊃βLε2π<y0∩βE37`2 a f@%YJA←ββ↔;lX ∧
9H⊂⊂H8p∞budfered mo@⊃J@@!α∩TαπMtαβ x
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vNfD 6}wM≥g.
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reCover d¬e←Z↓iQJA∃` K?⊂aβ?I∧+[↔9π#=β'>s?K∃εKQβ'2βg?Uπ;'O!ph(4
L∧bπ& Z6*ε\≤vN~ -↔'~ ≡&*εmzBπ≡↑EBε∞o∀∧J|tλWπ⊗} ε≡∂↑<W
¬λ~4≤ AQ'&@hλ≤∞-;]λ∧ 9Hλ ↑\[tD∧≠9<n<9y(∧
{Hλ∞M→(λ∞↑y<In4λ≥→.-αpw0[⊂0w2βE:2y≠ts0z→yP:4→P897Yy0vWλ⊂$s⊂≥42P0\897x≤4pz2H10r⊂~yP9b]⊗⊂:4~yFE $oas not happEn. I` Ai!JAkg∃` βONkC3e¬;'O#,ε2π&t ⊗.v},Rε∞o⊃PV/.-w↔~Dλ
T≠Y1,Dλ→≠d∧≠[⎇
;Y`⊂λ9x2qZpv⊂⊂≠z42iλ⊂:40[⊂⊂9r]⊂⊂:4→FA0x≤97x9~pz2Pλ10p∀s in the <igde> parameter. HowevEp, iF he
wisheq to do erroR reCovery, oR ev@∃\@AaIS]h@↓B@Ao¬e]@'v84+\X n<9y+∧∧_(⊂∪≥w1z4[w⊂"i∀j j~yP0{_tp able to ifdicate whether
Any eRrkrs have occurped, and id sO which they are. If
ARSTAT is not used errors widl simply be ignored.
ERSTAT(file) is af integer which will have bits sat
correqponding th∞@A¬]r@A∃` K?↔→↓βSF Qβ#∂3∃β#∂βC↔;,∧Bπ≡≥l6*πM PhVL≡7"ε<≥FbπMt∧-∃:H∃"r∧ ⊗2ε≥dε/↔-}"ε↑<>W↔~∞Mε∂"∧∂⊗␈*∧ ↔⊗*∧
f␈ Q(Vv∞-LV"εmz"bε∀λf∂&≥Dε/↔-}"εn↑>6∞≡T
vNfD &*π∞-⊗w&\A`hPβ"SM}→(≥
=λ_.4→X<D <h≥
(≠;mm=≠|D
<h_m⎇Xy<Ml9 λ ≥H→3LD≠yH m;→#!-<hλ ≥Hλ→.∞[|KD∧λ∩=∧∞y=≤d Z9λε& λ$~;H∞M→(→M≥→(≤nL=≥4d∞{|Y¬a"Tz-ly(≥
<h~.∀≠[⎇∧∞Y8;
O(_;D <\[n%λ≤≤M||X;.4_<Y$∧_;≥l∨<hλ∞<=β"NMh~_-l≠→( ]Yλ≠ld→Z; T_{{LM=~;mnh≥~ ]<y3∞l<kH∧
~≥<d ;H→-lλ≠yAQYZ; T≥z;
D≠[⎇∧∞Y<⎇-Nλ~;D ;H→.∞[|H
\<|x,|(≥;ML<|h∞M→(λ∞∞[y|L≥#"YL≥;≤h∧∞≠hλ∞L<⎇λλYqH_-lλ_{mn~;],↑h≥≠d∞≤↑(∞Mh≤Y,≤ Hλλ≥H→0↔→⊂7sεB34v2H;tv6λ9rz⊂_4z⊂→ ___!λ4w⊂"T)j j ⊂0w2λ6purH"gc⊂λ:9:rK⊂⊂⊂ [εE"gQ⊂⊂1w[24z4[w⊂⊂2≠ryP⊂≠7z⊂⊂_q7y:λ⊂:42H897s\0rV⊂≤wP<w]P9t7]v2εE_t2q`+ for EOF yourself if you want the program to stop on
that condition.
There is two kinds of error that is are not detected by the
monitor as I/O errors, @¬]HAQ∃]GJA⊃↑A]←PAQCm∀ABAE%hAS\↓iQJ~)gCh@\h```A∧@Ai<@AeKAeKgK9h@ASPX@@AQQJ@A→SeghAgkG @AGCMJ@ASL~∃C]
←eeK
h@@A⊃CiB@AS\@AiQJ@AMS1J\@@↓
←d@↓KqC[AYJX@↓gkaa=cJ~∃I βλQ%≥
∪→∀Y∩RA%fAI←9JXAo!KeJA$ASfA¬\AS]QKOKd0AC]H↓c←[KQQSMN4∃←iQ∃d@Ai!C\AC8AS]i∃OCdA%bAM←U]H\@↓≥P∨Kn 33E¬##'Mπ∪↔OWe#Eβ'rβ∧4+6 Sπ⊃∧+CK?⊂β7πO≡ ∨∃9αα# ?|↑f/∩D∧εN2∧ &O"∧ε∪ββ∧∧⊂D∧~<h∧∞y=∧
;C"GM9y→'eλλ∃
<h_,>~;{D
<h∩-m~8Z.L9 H∧
z→;D (→_.L(→P↔\4pz⊂→y97yβE0∂cCurs and this bit is sat, EH∂ A]SYXA JAgKβ!↓β≠|ε"απM Rαεm_ Uβ"P-lλλ ε⊗ λ λ$≥z;
D_Y(∞∞=λ⊂∀[⊂:42H"i)j⊂j⊂;w\2↔⊂⊂
'3z2H:40zλ$WgFB397vH9z94[3yV⊂→2yq`2ibedelsewhere, a`→O¬sfA←AKeCi∃b@ASαq↓βSFKL4+n{∪∃9Hh( (*Mε*π<Xλm⎇Yλ∩m≥Yλ≠lD→<\M}H≥~ ≡λ→≠l↑h≠[nDλ~_.l(λ_-dλ→<N-βy⊂⊂_4zεE→2s4w→r⊂⊂1≡P⊂:4→P⊂6w[4z7iλ⊂4yPλ0w⊂"\αrorduring fiLe openjing
(file not fo@U]HXAα+S
e∃bαα mw⊗@8;∪∂∀λ≤u,=λλ→.93y9H⊂92y]v:⊂⊂~wαE &atal error mepπgCO∃fP→↓¬#=βC⊗+[↔;"βS#'~β∪K?jβ#πC∧∧VvNlp ∧∞y=β!,]=εF λλ!λ4w⊂≡≠wr2← ⊂⊂+t→w⊂<w]P9rjλ:44iH10r⊗λ"gc⊂≥tr6⊂_2P9b]∧@
after the RESET, BETπ%∪)∀XAKi \XAS_AShAα3π'∪α5bα∧ll cLear EMF, Od co@UagJ\$A)QSLAgQ←UYH@A J@Ai!J@A←αs3e↓∧≠πO∀hS←#↔⊗)↓α⊗|1↓β'~βG/Dλλ-lλ⊃4J:⊂5
≡h D∧∃≠h∞ =≤↑$∞~→(
}→<X.M;{C↓Q↑;⎇$
=<⎇∧∞<y(λ9∀Q3hd
≤y,T≤y0⊃]4sw W_YTH:7P![2pyλ"gc↔λ⊂⊂*4→wαE 9ou must geT @ASCAL to re@%`∂OW*↓βS#*↓β≠πLc';≥ααVV=ph";?pk 3?≤[';≥∧I6 : 8λ-d_Y(∞↑y9⊂λ9zqaYyys 5lhp∩@↓←]IrAMOdα↓β≠πd+@_h-\⊗&*∞Zαε@yH⊂↔X52q`4pεAiC-S]NAβ+Aβ?v)β←?⊗!β/I∧¬F/∨5`λ∧λβ:y:~2y6w\αe,
trg`+α∪3∃β>K3 "
xλl><H⊂∪≠y⊂0@ TAP⊃ ∧ε -9→(
=Z0↔→β liNe numbers i` @Aαλ4+M→f*α
nVn⊗↑ λ∧ <≤⊂∩Xy9P⊂_z⊂⊂ 4he End Od∧ABAα#'O-∧∪3 >=0λ ≥Yλ⊂~~2BE &ollo@]S]NAQCDACPAiQJ↓EKOS9]S@;8∧ε}Hλ⊂~~2P⊂'→|:↔λ⊂⊂λDhis @%`
↓βλh+K≥x ≡~;{D∧≠yH∞M→(≤nL8π20\29P &or l@%]JA]U[EKe%]NXAαC?←↔4+A1β∞s⊂$*≤zMβ←Lc1β;-3↔Iβ∧ε&}π\8 $∞⎇8r∧ (→P∀[2W∀Pλ$s⊂⊂≥42y`% liMitations
are @→←YY←β;↔↓Dλ∞-}(≥<lT⊂s∀HYβc⊂ [2⊂:4→w⊂92Zyyz`% the GET @=` αBαZ@hWM ↔"εl≥⊗f.EaP@@ ¬→W∞↔_⊂ H50∂de kn Byte @MSuKf↓S\AMαK3↔LhP4*SF)β∪?≥+7.β]_.M8πw ab`∨@4)β∪↔≤≠@⊗N,X d +sh ≡h≠p⊃Xzy14[3P4`. bytepεP_Q)vrα∞Mε*αλHT>|∧p∪@QKZZB@@AB@↓o←eHα↓β∂?w#π'n4β≠∩ -↔'~βHλ ≡λ≠8/∀_Y#! ~9R,L9λ⊂∀[87P 3madl@∃` βWvKSMβ≤∧⊗f@→9⊂_<z2iKα The b`3β#↔Mβ>K3 "∧λλLQ ¬6 %d¬`⊃↓∧¬'/∨M_ M≤αr⊗⊂λ0p∞dAgSYαaβ 6βx
be s@AYShAα ∂K}8 d∞βwy2≤β( @AQQ`↔LhQP~@8Z0~λ iadRP:2`8t i`&↓`∂S?α,V"ε≥`λε@T¬bi@PAEs@&+@~@λ (∞MβP0@ word0AP∪↔4ε@hVαX
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λ¬`↔nλ⊗≡↑≥lrπ~→0⊗H4s⊂ 4here is mop¬JAi!C\A←αs∃β β_
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you @≥KhAo!K\Asα{UβW≤∧R¬$Xε∃∧
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used↓BAE@LεF*π=_∞LT≠yHπ∧_Z0~≤β wi@QPABAαs?K\≥Bε6α;⊂∩K⊂⊂:4→y2P⊂≥wzv $
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x D∧_(λ /=→(∞t⎇2P≠pε 0αβ'Mβ4¬w$~;Y∞↑⎇≤↑%\{{< ≡~8[ Q [8,]Y=~,4≥_< ↑hπ⊂⊂∀tp∞c@∀AaQKβ≠∃βS∂β↔MβL¬bε>]lW,8ε⊂ #ontains 0αk 'PhRεN∞LI↓β?α λ∧λαa!b∩aP @QQJA[=]Si←β⊃βCπ≤¬74∞ 8M≡λ_↑.L<h
∧∞≠h⊂⊂H9wy2βE0 n↓iQJAαk?;≤Mw$_X
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∂∃α⊂0w→⊂6p|H12P )dπ]@?α,V"r∧
6zπMtπ,89β!9zq`( a tape o@9JA[kMh@@#,ππε@~8p∀]4∧p∩Aα{@∩α
_ .
~8p∀]4∧p∩RAgaKα≠' eαβ∧4,/↔&*∧λ m∨Y(λ
|β⊂⊂_↓ESiF0Ag↑Aβ##πQ∧εvF.dλt-λ→y.Nh_ ⊂_<z2P≥42P!≡z2FE~yP92Xv6<P≠w2P #haracter.AαAEeiJAgαKk∃β|∧bβ≠dλ&O'4λ
m};→⊂λ4purCE9r`.q`
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⎇Y~(
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Lh∂iJ↓iQCHααJεN-!βπl@λ
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∀}A ] @P`S→SYJA9←hAM=k]HR8@A∪L↓s←j@↓oC]hAi↑@↓QC@;&c∃↓β&C↔O∀hS↔KK⎇∪@~α∂≥w/↔<X Eλλ≤n 8z1O∀λ
∧εε⊂H∩-d≥~→$π≠;q WH≤_. 8εr`4er to
the RECET or REWRITE. Mr more c@=]mK]%K]iYdXAga∃GSMrN←∞Nαβ'8∀TεFF*∧ wπ&≥⎇g~@Hλλ ≤β⊂⊂,[zP⊂2≠P:40]⊗⊂0@→αa`∪YαK;≥β␈β↔9β>K3 "∞,W'<[C!-Y|[,≥≠≡+∧∞z=~∧λ3qH∞<=λ∃
t≤z≠nt≥~_.D≤≤[l-→;<d
xxp~\92r. YOu
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appe@9H[O]1r@A←β⊃↓β;|εBbα ≥G&F|¬1m∧λ≥~ Tλ≤Y,≤α4w3H4p∞ @=H βSF)β &≤∧p~βE16 /ck i@LA`↔mlV≡<|p⊂\αy f@=` βπαλ ]Y ;mm≤∧P &iles.
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be us@∃H @.βλλ @4πr mostAaK←ββ3∃9ααS#?α8 $∞α40zλ0y2P≠4πt @∃qaYC%]KH~)EK@3|εrπ<⎇0⊂[4∧p∩AαSWOQ∧∧Fzε∀λ -⎇X∧p∀op∧AGC1X@Ao%iP@Aβ##∃↓∧ε6∞nT∧εv∞β9+AQTy0∩H⊂:42H⊂
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x
md_Y0⊗≠{P @ khAi!KrACIJ@AEUSYh@↓S]i↑4⊂ @& Tα¬∧~84 @λλ⊂⊗~q90y≡Tε Note @QQChAβ##∃β≤π⊗n⊗β{λλi3⊃(
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FFO4∞6␈↔Dλ l@⊂22`#laration, whicH
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α oF filE on MTA, Etc ≤AMKifA∃∨ Ai<AMCYMJAM←β⊃β';π+Q1β'∪W*↓Q"αα∧∧ε6@|H∪n↑≤≥=¬@⊂!v"Xy9P 4he e@IaP∨I∧¬⊗v&≤<↔&N⎇` ∧∞{h⊂~~2P72↑8∧
ERSTAT wil@0AeKiUe\@`8@TR~)
+≥πQ∪↔9∧:⊗RNαJ2E4~$∧3Ti→D*K)→e$ xZ#@4⊃0 *⊃i'∃FB εUNCTION↓ %' ¬(Q-βHA e
%→
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"∧
FFO4λg.v>M⊗}r
↑W∨" ,Rπ<y0∩λ:7P #heck
λ fgr↓oQKi!KdAC8AKeE=` β?≤≠WKK,!1↓αLεBπ≡≥H ∧∞Y=≥.-β⊂⊂⊂~pε No
α e@I` ?$∧εF∂4∧εF∂∞λ -l9 λ∧
⎇~→.8πis@∀@AiQ∀AKeE=` β LεG4→\[mT_#"D∧λλλλx5∀u
4∃0
gKα Note that e@I` ?,4ε⊗OL4ε∂⊗T u∩y9⊂λ4s:7H⊂:42CE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂;w`2d that ERSP β(αβ@⊗/L¬0→≠9P∞ So y@=jAgKα)βπMDε/↔-x NP9t`.c`
4R↓↓↓↓∧εFF*
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p@1CGJAβ##πQαβS#'α4αε7]l7&Nβ{@⊂λ47w`+pε@ACPX@AC9H@A≤*RNR~↓β'LhQ↓↓↓αβ'7\X
≤=→0⊗≡P⊂27[2P:7H1v2`!p∧AiQ∃ZP→↓¬##@/4λ
t≤z0⊗\4∧p∩AαK⊂≡vβx 2CE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂2y9≠y9V⊂≡wzP .e` HAα#=β;|εFFNβY`⊂≠z42`2 p QC8AgaKα≠'7∀λ
=λ⊂≤[z@
@]SgPAβ#=βC⊗{∂/>4π&F]P ∧ 8π2;2{2`2 do @¬]siQ%]NAKαc@≡+C"D∧λ¬∀FBαPROCEDU@%∀A≠)βA
Q-βHA→@(i∀d,¬gh⊃i j$SβH `*LrR,xZ"KZ∧λUE$X∧SGF@
(* BREAK @MQP∨Wd∧Bε⊗Tλ
⎇Y(⊂⊃→pε`∨@⊗)βπo∀∧m⊂4⊃$∞α40zλ⊂92`0osi`)%←]f~(@@@@↓iQJ@↓iCaJ↓oQK\αβ?WSαλ
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mediadely i@MckJAα β@&≤∧⊂∩H87qt]4p∂ning c@=[[C]⊂X⊂∀ α↓↓↓β&C∃↓βL¬fO&≤≥Bε>↑@π=≠⎇0⊗→⊂897X0q6 9 be @Mkeae∃`∂O↔ ∧ε↔J∞X m≥Yc"D∧λλλ∞M→(⊂~~4y2 parameterth∞Ai!JA% M ⊃d∧∧6␈$λ / 8εx6→TεE⊂λ⊂⊂⊂εB⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂ ∩ESET(IFILE,'MTA@p@≥∩%∩V∃%Xh!↓↓α↓↓↓↓α↓↓↓αm"εB∃DJ~&2*a0∩re↔0hR∧∧ααα∧∧ααα∧λ%∀02r)@∀ FILA);
λ @%∃βλA∪→∪⊂∩∃bq999KX4)↓α↓↓4R↓↓↓↓∧s?S∃∧εFF∂Dλ
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f@%YJAGα{;∪'&K?91∧ @~π|X
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]<p~λ92wh→w⊂:4→P34`,e wi@QPA% M (@8hP4)↓α↓↓↓%⊃PDU3PjI3s@⊂∩dεCHRTεuπ⊃¬$vA a)⊗Jpπ0hUI; EXT@ %≤βX4*Bα)t81∃4HT⊂s∀H εO;↓ 1) I_ l4T2V 48¬∩)@dε @'-!∪≥εi
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j≤BεI%X∧∧-EHZ$`'c"H∧¬λ¬⊂ %xactly li@-JA!-!b
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FUNCTIH∂9∧:⊗@$9 c@)3P
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λ∧@@PαQαK↔'+@⊗@\h⊂~~2P1`(an`≥Kαaβ ↔L¬f 4≥<p∩Y⊂14P⊃$f"Wλ⊂*44\β i`&↓P @.βZc!⊂⊂⊂⊂λ4s⊂#∩d∧E @%`∂9∨α@λ ><XY-n≠_ P≠x2w d¬P∨I∧I0≤@hπ⊂∃
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(* ReTur`≥f↓BAGQ¬]UKX↓s←jAα;?Qβ>KS!α<*R∞αp¬bα∧Myb?" Mrπε
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the first part (i.e. before the CONST part) of any block.
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αPROCEDURE declarations. The included file follows the
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88λεB1ww:_tp∞s all Space alloCated↓ErAi!J@A≥∃(
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downwards. The staci co@9iC@'w→↓βC∂∪π7↔&+KMD∧πε/NX Mdλ_9 NY<p→CE37`2 routife@LAGCYαc@~B ≥f"ε≥IBεf|8⊗bπl≡&N∞-HW4→[p→λ897`#e`ureq(
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the program i@LAgi←AaKHA]SiPA∧AMCi¬XAKeI←d\@↓∩←∞A kMMKIb@ACIJ~∃C1YP∨∂∂#↔⊃↓ε Q↓↓tRα
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FFO4 6∂≡UDπ&F≡@λ
≡h_8M}Y#"NM→(≤nL8zh ≥Yλ~ \< H∧
~→( ≡Y8( m|Hλ∞M→(λ∞>_8zd∧_;Y∧∧~→8.∧λ~<aQX;≠
|x=→,Dλ_=∧∧≤≤[l}X;(∧∞⎇_<NN<λλ∞M;9+∧ X<q,D≥<≠md≤_<L≥9=→..c"X.>y;8ML9λ~-n≠h≥
(≤≤M||X;%dλβ"AQU~→$ ;]≤O∀_{q T_{{.
;→9∧
;]≠d =Y0→≡P( iP`f⊂6Xts⊂8≤7sy0[P⊂27YyFE)[set of 1. Third, the
accumulators 0, 7, and 11B are stored in locations %RNNAM,
%RNPPN, and %RNDEV. These names are defineD as global
symbols.
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It should Be possible to control-C a PASCAL program and
restart it. However, the user Shoul@⊂AEJA¬oCeJ↓iQCh↓H∂3?⊗ 04.l↔⊗N≤-F/~∞⎇⊗f@λ≠[nDλ_Y$∧≤Y:-m=~8-M>Y9∧∧~;H∧∞~~<d∧_x<lUHλλ¬ ;C"N <Y~,>;_<D∧∩3R*J∀SphX∃4Q$}hλ≥m≥≠λ∪Izλ_Y$ ≠{Y$ 9x:-eλ_<d∞~→>!QX<Y$
Y⎇λ∞ 8;≠∂∀→>→,>=_8ML(_p↔Y2P0zλ0v6↔
FE-p_ww:9≠v⊗aSH9t7z[2⊂12H0!`f∪⊂7zzλ7s∪Wλ⊗r93↔FEεEβ~↔⊂⊂∀ ia`S⊂"2q≥qP)|\z2v@
( ib⊃*∀FE⊗hπorks. -drf]
A PASCAL prograe may be run↓oSiP↓iQJAAβ'πβ0A KEUNA'sMiKZ@↓Er
∃UgS@;8∧ααπM Rαα
]vvOM}"αε=x -\;Y⊂λ""a*QP⊂4g≤z2prλ⊂7s⊂λ"hλECUTE.
λ(SuCcassful debugging also RequiRes that the program be
asseebled @]SiP@← ¬U∞P@A kh@AQQSf@↓Sf@A=\AEr↓IKMCUYh@9JαS#∀hSOgO&+5β∂∞qβ ∃π+O↔⊃π#=↓β≡+Q↓β↔∪↔π/ε{';S~↓βπQαβGC↔≤K∪'↔"↓β3'v(4+;.k ↔K~q↓↓↓¬;#↔9α↓β¬↓αβ K↔∞[C?'w!↓β'~↓β↔;≤¬w.wLZ&."D∧ππ⊗|}&∞hQ( / 8⎇=
≥{H~.P9zy\2s22Y⊂0w2λ;0y4Xq62yH⊂∀:yZw3P⊂≠7y6p[⊂⊂( Ta`fεB77z0]4ww∧H⊂6p|H⊂12P→|0vt[2r⊂ [2⊂72]P;0v≥p¬s assigned to theM.
αAlso additiOnal Breakpoints may be set or breakpointq may be
cleared. It is helpful to hav@∀ABAY%ciS]≤AWLAQQJAaI←OeC4~∃Cm¬SYCE1JACf↓iQJAMsgiK4ASfA1S]JA9k[EKHA←eS∃]iKH8~∀4U≠#?Wd!βg?*β;↔↔"βS-β↔+9α2Lr-β↔Gβ3'∂O#3e1αβKπSF+I↓β&Cπ9↓π+O'≠8h+S#*β7?;O#?Iα$*
V≥∧≠?77∞s⊃1α∧
N∩∩"β'MβLs∂3W&+⊃β Jβ3/π&K;≥β&C∀4+6K3∃α≥JMjB
~∩αQph*o7∞[∃βSF QαNM→jBN$"Q9↓n#K~thP4)Qq α∂?nkπ;∪_h($*&C∃β∂}k7π;'→β∪↔≡≠C' .!β#↔⊗)β∂πpβ ∃↓ε;'[↔r↓β←#,q↓βSF)↓βOO≠S↔4hS↔;S/∪E↓βλ↓β K. /C?NsQ9↓ααW#↔p↓βS#*↓βCK};Kπ∃αβ'M↓ε+c↔∂/#↔⊃β∞p4+πvKS'πbβ K↔∞[C?'w!β←'faβ ∃∧+;S↔⊗+⊃β .3?K∃π##∃↓εkπ'd∧ππ⊗|}&∞hQ(λL\z;\edλ∃~
≡h≥z-Mα⊂12H9t7k[⊂1<P_P6ry\psrFBεE⊂⊂λ⊂⊂∨∀j'h⊂⊂j⊂&`Re⊂!"QdgεEλ⊂⊂⊂⊂∂εEεE⊂p24j~ww0vλ192pZx7tw≥9P0y→P9rjλ1<FEβE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂)b'T⊂≡6$[2←εEβE;t2\2P⊂≡≠4w2←λ4yP7Yα the form line#+page# o@HAUkgPAYS]∀BAoQ%GP~∃%bAKcUSmCY∃]hAi<AYS]∀FA←\↓iQJA
keeK9hAaC≥JP→↓∧ 9↓β/Cπ7Cd∧Rαε≤1PC &¬s~b∧ FNvTε∪∪α
ybπε≤|Rβ~d∧∧
ε\∨εNo]Pλ
|HλD∧ \Y8-≡≠z;NNh≠8/⊃"XY$∞y=βAQ@εE(⊂ib"*λ5rr`0s track o@_AiQJAGkeIK]hAαc';∃∩q↓αSF)β∂W↔∪↔;Qαβ3';(h+'MαβS#∃αβ?;∃αβ7?O"↓βK↔≡+;S3J↓βCKNsS↔⊃αβ?WQp∧ααD≥`π&FTλ6∂≡T v h,
&NwM}W'~∞9ε␈>≥lrε
∞,⊗v>UDαεOD∧εO~∧
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{Y(∧
;Hλ∞M→#"N∞Z;]
}= @∀H*44iH64w2H1pw_2P92Y2y92Y⊂:7P_<P0@ pπS@7εc∃βO& I↓!RH4*#,¬f≡
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≤H≠⊂∀[2P→P≠wεE 0a`∂J@jASf↓iQJA
keeK9hAYS9JP→↓∧K→βG⎇)βSG∧∧Rε
H
-l(≠]-\Y<@⊂≥tz4εB50∂ @AC@∨∃εsW7 ,ε"bπM Rε∨↑.&.wDλ ≤βrP$\β sUppli@∃H\@@↓'↑@A%H ↓β&C∀4 ≥+CK↔w!↓β3Ns∃↓βLε2β~vUBπ& Ybα∃8Iuαβ⊗εααπ,X L↑\X P≥4π !⊂0/5.A)↑~)IS@; ∧ε␈/Dλ
m =λ⊂~~2P1`5prent line is, type
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D_{⊂∩Xy⊂0v≠⊂7s⊂≥42v@. The breAhπa←S9ifAgα+P$-\↔Jε,TεfO>LV"ε,ε#!↓ ¬⊂⊂λ⊂⊂!j∪βP LIST
VariabdeS h CR↓EJAKβCπ7≥lV"ε-∀π&FTλλm⎇8εpw→∧AεEλ⊂⊂⊂⊂∂8εariabde> =~∀4⊂p∪[∂∪'π d∧Srα
\↔Jα ,Rαε≥o∩απl≡&N∞-H $∧_<h∧ z=P∩[⊂⊂1<H842P∀ ia`S∧¬αdedi`≥Sβ#'?9αC↔c∂,επ"εm_ ↑h∧W I`≤AACeiS
kYCDαβ'Qβn eβ *↓β+W≤εBαε⊃Q&≡}↑ vv.n@αε@yHλ ∀λ≤p~≤αp GiUeKH@↓isaJ0@A←DAiQJ↓oQ←Yα)βOS↔+∂SW⊗(4+≤¬≤l]→K@⊂λ$p∞ @QQJAGα G*
x D <XX/≡hε⊂ !djacEnt e@1K[K]Q`
↓β&CπQ↓∧ K∀4T¬⊗&.nM⊗≡∞βλ⊂⊂\2P24\βplaye` i@8ABAGα{7CK-≠Gπ⊃∧∧f␈⊗β+C!↓ P ⊂≠2{P 6alue may Be a`'β≠'∨;,∧Bπ&tλλ$∞X<Z,-→(⊂O⊃"C"D∧λλλπNβ0y4Xq22←λ≥≡P≡≥0y4`X42P'\α co@9giC]P|∩∀~))QJA¬`∂O'>s7πn@ε -{≠∪n}h≥~ T≥<⎇,≥λ≥≡. (≤]-L<h≠l@⊂( iP`f↔εB∧¬αPASDDT has Access to Your @M←keG∀AMSY∀@QCGβ≠W7'v9βS#∂!↓β'"↓β'LhSOS'da↓βSF+K∃↓¬;#↔9αβg?Uαβ∨πQ∧ K?Wv!βS=¬∪W;;Ls∃βSF)βCK};Kπ∃Jp4*←F+;↔[,ε"πN|Tπ⊗.≤=αε
.&.∞>
vNwEDπ&FT∞ε␈↔M→vrε|dπN␈↑$απ≡}↑&≡(Q(fNfT∧ε∂⊗|Yf"α∞Mε*ε,∧Y,≥|≠z-nλ≥z-Mα⊂12H24yx≠0|rr ⊂⊂'s≥2w⊂4]⊂4yFB:yrc≥v⊂:7H67wuH0z⊂']42y⊂≤0y29H7s⊂<[zy⊂ 0rogram, iN order to
decide where to place breakpoints(λA←HAM←dαβ?S#/⊃βK↔∂≠?;Mp↓αS<hS3/?ZβπQβN{WIβ¬∪?∨K∞i1βSF+K∃β∂∪∃βS>yβ∂?nkπ;∪≠Q↓4Ph)↓↓α↓αRf∧)↓↓sdK;∃y¬Ys &≥lSuhQ$ααα∧λdL@Qλλ 7_{p~[:∨.P⊗↑9z9~w3←.CE
TYPE allows yge th∞AieaJABαβ3';*β?I↓π∪π;∨*↓β?→αβ3';,ε2αε≥dαπ& QPV∨↑.&.wMO∩ε␈ Ybε6≥LR`$λ
∃.<αP'h⊃e⊂:7H1t0w→pP;t~qt⊂#~v2P<[zP0y→FE:0[5tw3H0q7z]⊗⊂0yH⊂22yXy4q2Y⊂⊂12[5{W∧H⊂#$g⊃⊂⊂0v≠5{yPλ<szPλ:7FE≤p¬arch fop any texpλ@AMieS]≤@AS\↓iQJA
keeK9hA←a∃\Aae=OeCZ8~∃
]≤\~∀~(@@@@@@@|xAMS]⊂@OM←<N~∀~)oSYXAY←←,@AM←HAiQJ↓]Kqh↓CaaK¬eCMG∀A←LA→←↑AS8As←KHAMSY∀X@A)<~∃MS9HAiQ∀AgKG=]HACAaKCe¬]GJA=HAM←αy1βW≡(4(∀R↓↓↓↓α↓↓↓yrβ≠'; ↓I↓∨6{=≤4Ph*;?&)↓βSF Q↓β&C∃↓α4J:"∧∞6.∂,=ααπ>L↔↔'4∧ε∂"∞Mε*εM≥f*ε≤nF/∩∞Mε(h,>W↔⊗]nBεf≥lRαBe∃`hPQ*∧
≤HJBε≡≥dε⊗*∞↑6."∞Mrε6⎇MF␈: ←ε.∨↑M⊗}r
x D∂9y<D∞≤[yn,9(λ
M;Y#! ↑(λ
M9Y+D∧∃~~.∀~<h <;≠→,Dλ\r-l{→(∞>→<≤
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<WJ@λ≠sLT≠~3LT≠yH∂≥⎇<@∞∞[y|L≥(≥z-Mα⊂12H2|2`#uted8@A)Q∀~∃G←5[C@;'→βK↔d+[πnDπ&@h≤r-l{→+.>→<≤
≥Yh⊂⊂\2]εEβE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂)`∀EPλ
(hRNB⊗α↓β∂παX l↑hλ⊂~~2P⊂'→|:⊂ ,ine @=H βG⎇+AβC⊗{⊂∨⊗≥Pλ∞MβP12H2|2`#uted8~∃'Sαs∂*∂_ nT≠yP~→w⊂;p[8⊂:7H27P 4his @→←dA[¬]rAYαK;↔Mbβ'QβM→βKπ&C↔HQ(
-l{{]L]X∧r`.t to t`3ββ∃↓β&C∃β←|ε&"α*:D-α$λ M}H→0⊂Xt⊂6 )ne. Thus
λ¬P∨;≤∧RπNβx
P~0{2P→4πne one Step @
←[@7∞s⊃1ααλ∃≤$J@λ ]]→0→≤β a @MaKGSα 0 (α[;lL(λ⊂≠Z2y2Pλ0P⊂)Zvx6 % <CR> wilhλAGα WO∃∧εFF*
lWGλ≠⊂∀[2P:7H12FE→|2q`5ted.
λ∧@~∀@@@@qGd`9αiβ∪=∧¬vv*
H
-l(~0↔λ9tw3[2Vy`4ep mode~∀4⊂
S#Lε2ε@8πr2H4yP !nj`∨kαs∂.DλλO∀_z_-lz;Yd∞~→(∞∞Y{<∞D→\[mT≥~→$∞αyz`[∧¬∀Dβqy β&y↓
Mβ`λEDλ∪[nL(≥~ ≡λ_;
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.>8; D∧∃~→$
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JAiQ¬hA&@pπ7?∪*β7π<X aQX∧p∪ tha`(α↓r∞Ip∧εO~ ≡f∞Nβ_8ML(_<d 8π⊂ !bbreViati@=\AM←β⊃αNR-↓0∩α↓Q hUα;p~H3rz out @=H βOL¬f>fTλ nL<λ∪-|α2P!≡P27`)ng a↓]←e[¬XA ≥⊂X@AR9JT4T∧'Jπ∞-v≡.\M⊗v:∂_ n↑H≤⊂→≠qy0vH4s⊂ 4he nop¬P↔πbβ←πep∧αHαC"I]Y(⊂↔]42y command iS availabl@∀ASLAMS]OYα)βOS,εαε@9y→'∧¬α
<esc> - c@=]iS]UJAk]QSXAKαs⊃β?2βCK∨≤∧V'<Y#! {8:lT≥~_.D_∩∪j∧βP7`2 8 CYβ!y9↓n#C~@QQ hU⎇ Vrα∂→w*α ≡&*π=_ L⎇→+<nL<≤⊂∀[3P0w→⊂1w`-e to a procade@IJAGC1XX~∃β##∃β≤¬⊗v>LUW>→<⊂_→y⊂;t[4∧ sHow y@=j@AKβ3↔Kg&C';≥αβS#πα@λ∧ {y0→H⊂7wεBαp∂S@&C'9↓∧εFF*∧λ ∞4πce@⊃keJ\α↓↓αO|¬V/&≥\W4≤∧w`5 really don ∂hAβ;π;Q∧εFxhαX `%e the i`≥]∃` β←|ε&@=8π3yH4πf @QQJAaβ∪?∂↔'+@⊗*d∧¬N␈Tλ
N↑⎇λλ∞|8π: p ↑~)G←]i%]`↔∃αβ←πS≤¬εNvt∧π&FT∧ππ⊗βy|L≥(λ⊂∪≤αh∂Z@↓iQJ@↓aP∨'w!β@> X LT≥~→!Q\≤[l<αr0∃@IJAeKβ#WKn5bα∧≥`λπL<xoD¬≤{p⊗Yz4vr\β labelle@⊂@@yC1hp→%c`
AgαK;∨3*kOS↔¬β';≥∧K@~πM Rπ≡≥lvf*
]w∂" X L@2qz4]2P22X8sst[3FE 4ool @]JAW]=nP_∀Ph"S#*β∂WK⊗+;@" ≤7&OlTε≡∞β≠λ∞≤αxp∃@∃]GJAα{⊂∩π∞-v≡∞LX L↑h_;LD→]0↔_z4w`.q
αi@LAP∨ αL⊗Nv\@λ / εEεBα TRACE
∀~))QJ@↓]C@7,ε2αε|dαπ& Tαππ-xλl\α:y2\β and fu@9GiS←αs@~πMxv/& X D∞z=~↓Q]~→-≡H≠⊂∀[2P7:[q2y9H0y2P≤90 nte` i@8@AeKβ3↔KO*↓β ?,LW$λ≠p∪λ⊂:42Zy
@¬GiSM¬iS@?p¬bααλ¬∀H_q(λ
\>(⊂↔\8∧io@9CYY@Jβ ∃β4¬vf@≠yy,D_X P_P7:vX2y⊗εBαp∂QSα≠!β←L¬Fbε,Tπ&FTλ N]8Y0→λ4πf @1KmKYβ→β≠| λ∞⎇~8p∀λ4p∞f@=` .≤¬~-⎇Hλ⊂∀\β
∃@∧ε&NwLX ¬@∧¬∀~)3←jAα≠π9β&K@∨εL∨∩π~→(∞l8ε0∃@∃`
β?2βπ31∧εf∂⊗α88ML<hλ ><X 2[8∧ @¬GiS@4∧PhVα;@⊂≥42P 0p¬P∨∨α,⊗jε,ε(∞↑z;Yd∞α42P_wvvp[2εEεBα STACKDUMP
~∃QQSf@A`∨'d¬Bαα ⎇↔6*∧∧π&FT∧π<8εrPλ4p∞f@=` .≤¬~-⎇Hλ⊂⊂\β @)Iβπ
XAC@; h ⊗∞LM↔&Nβ{X-Mα8 @¬hAKC
PAYKβ3↔1β&K@∨εL∨∩π~→(
l8εr`3 a`≥Hα↓β@6≥H
,↑hλ⊂↔Yαλ
+∞c1↓↓∧¬F}≡≥DαπX8 4Xq0 e@LX ↓↓∧ @~α∞⎇↔&B∧
E∀ 8UBαπα;p~H⊂6p|H⊂37`,lh∂n~)' ∩ε≤Z∩V6α∧ε↔J ⊂λ
nαp
bep∧XAC9HA←]1rAiQ¬h@A[¬]r@Aαc↔[↔dε2απ⎇_
Dλ_Y!QY~0→\4∧a`3α+⊃9↓ααg?Uαβ7πeαβπ3Oz↓β≠⎇H
}hλ⊂∀]⊂⊂;t]4⊂⊂ ! f`∪Yα+;π\TεNpβ"P_]wz2`3,∧@A&C∃β'v3?K\≡FN}dλ
m≥≠λ⊂⊃→P8:`4 i`≤Aβ##πQαβ⊂⊗Nβ→+∧∧~;\nL89β!4πf @⊃k[aKα!β@&tλ∞-}<H⊂~→y0
i@9CX@8hP4*C⊗{⊂∨⊗≥Pλ ←→8p~]4p∂n↓SfAGα{;@&≥nV.λ_↑$∞α42P_wvvp[2εEεBα @ ≥λ4⊂λ (*Mε*α∧λ ∞4πg`%¬Z@@Aβ;'31α↓βKWp∧ααπ]nFNb∧∧ε∞vβx
4→y⊂⊂ "p¬KCWA←S@; ∧αεO1Q&.v=x
-nα2y2Y↔⊂⊂*~2P19→pp p@=S]hAαK@~ε≥mf␈.βXp∩Y⊂10→
λ∧⊂∀$∧ααα∧π@~:α ∂P APλ@@d¬FNvTπC!⊂⊂⊂⊂λ≤ε~∀4⊂λ (αTp∀≠zp d↓s←jAαCπ[∃∧¬V␈⊗Tλ
8π⊂ /ne modp @3*↓#CK,ε7.n≤-GJε,Xλl≡<y(∂≥⎇#"M =Y(∧
≠x9 \α⊂⊂ "oth a main @A` >|∧X-Tλ_;LD_(⊂∪~v2P /d∧AKqQKe@;∞`4+C⊗{∂.L¬0→→yP , pπaKGαKπ1β≤∧↔,(~0→H92xzZy2r. A`(βC]rAα;'[↔p¬β .β{9-nαεE /nh `%αβ?;∃∧¬V}≥;⊂∩H4yP !cces@MSE@3*βS :∞Mε*π↑8 .↔⊂⊂*~0z⊂ -ea`≥f↓iQC@ h ⊗∂L¬→-↑≥_ P≥4π red¬KdAβ#=β[∂∪'π d∧W4≠x li`≥JAP≠Wn∪↔KMαβ'9↓∧∧⊗v@⎇~→.∧¬∃[=I`↔LTαπz;⊂⊗λ⊂6r`%t with @∃` K|∧\e@⊂⊂ ∀o chandπ@∃βn{∪@.β→0→H8¬se the
command
λ∧@@@A∨! 8@p∪7|∧G.fTπC!∧¬
The mo@⊃kYJAαsπ7∃∧¬↔4≥~→$
β0vrH4p∞ @QQJAaβ∪??,≥Rπ∨L≡F.n]nBε6βx the
cor`%∃`∂C?v#';≥∧∧fNfU`λ∧ 9H⊂↔≠P897Yβram↓`∂SπαLVn8π: occu@I`
"∧λ
.Dλ~0→CE:42H⊂70vYP⊂7`& p QJX
J⊗bβ⊂⊗Nβ→+D∧∃z→-l=Y0→λ( ib⊃*⊂4`3 e`≥i∃` ↔⊃bβ'P4TεvNfDλ
]≠λ⊂≤[zP:4→P70vYP7s⊂≥42P -o` kYα)β@& ≡BεO4λ n 8π⊂ )niti@¬YP∪@∃aP@)8π⊂⊂≥42P #ase @=H β¬∧∧',8:`⊗λ8∧he mod`+αc∃β'p∧π>F≤8
∧∞α42P_90∂ken li@9J~+|∧6∨/,4εO~
x ]Xπ2`$,∧⊂∀!Q%≡}\X
≥9<h∞M→<Y$∞z;⊂⊗λ⊂12Pλ8εabiab`→Kβ→↓β?2↓βC#*↓βOπn)↓β;∞k∃↓β∂ 4+O,εf/⊗≥Dαε@→=P∩[9P∞ In this c@¬c@∃βL¬w*ε\∨∩ε6α;Y∧
=λ⊂∀[x7p∪@MSE@3*βS 8Q( L\β2y th∞ABαβ[πKL∧⊗⊗@→(⊂⊂]⊂0P (i`∂QKβ⊃β &←
⊗≡∞βλ⊂⊗→{2v⊂≥40w phe kne
λ¬`∨#,ε&*πM Rε↔,Xλ-P7q`#urs.A)QJ↓G←[[¬]H~∀4⊂ ↓↓α↓α>B,q↓`&LX ∞M∂H∂
]y_
`,e>~∀4⊂ @>≥H ∧∧≤y0~λ⊂:42H1ww:→|:⊂ )n which nam` fAα C∃βL¬g&/,∧⊂→→z2r th∞AC9r~+&+C@&∧λ ↑z8 2Y↔⊂⊂*~2P22\8∧h @e←jAieaJASβ→βC#*β;π\Tε∂~∧λ m
β{w h∂\~))%βπ∀AP∨I¬~Rε∞\"V -¬aP@!αE$`& y`∨@*β←πn@λ∞MβP9`4op debp OO%]N@1∧εFF* 8 m]8;Y↓Q@εE⊂λ⊂⊂⊂(UdjεEβE0 `&Ag←[∃iS@7,ε2απ↑8 ,@8¬`_\α↓↓α≤¬⊂~yP9`/m` oQ¬hAGYα+π;↔⊂∧π&F≥`λ ={]≤M⎇β"Pe]8π3@ out @=H βSF)β∪↔↔+⊂≡y<@⊗λ0yP )t cl@=`∂/4λλ-Mα⊂3 )les and dh∂Kf4⊂ ?M W$λ≠[n4¬al cle@¬]`↔Ap∧αα∧β[p~→P⊂:4_z⊂⊂ )d∧A`'|εR¬
Y~Bbπ ≡'&N≥H ∂⊃ ¬0↔ritte@8AM@'d∧W4_8 2H1v7`3e`λ@1∧∧⊗v"∞Mπ/~
\⊗&*∞Mrε/
_ nEHλ⊂m⎇]_ 7[⊂!FE≥tp l nh∂hAαkπ/∃∧ε7.≡∧λ M≥→<h∞m<z0⊃≠2WεEβE( o@TAGC\αβ∂?;'∪?1β&C∃β[,ε&⊗@|z0~≡P7s⊂∀ ib"∃⊂;t`4h the command
SHOTε@ySαsS↔∨,ε#p@ ¬εE∃44p∪ contp¬←Y@~↓β@& Tαε@];8L↑Hλ⊂↔Yα s@=keGJ↓YS@;,ε2π≡
x
md≥z→-d≤∧w`5
enter a↓EeKC,X ↓↓αβ'Mβd∧V <8ε⊂ )d∧A`'|εRε&⎇` nD≥x;ND≥≠h∞p¬e @¬]r\~(~∀h\β⊃απOL¬f≡G-x M}<h∩-nα2y9≥x:εEβE$s⊂_P897Yβram↓H∂?↔~β';Szβπ9βL¬f -8π4`4e lo@=`AS@ ∧εn∂∀λλLT_8[n:2r8<@
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existing file. See section 3.12.
BREAK(file). Forces out the output buffer of a file
and starts a new block. Should be used before
magtape positioning, and to force out messages to
terminals. (However it is not needed for TTY.)
BREAKIN(file,noget). Clears the iNput buffer ring of a
file. Must be used after magtape positioning for
buffered input. Starts a new Logical block. If
noget is omitted or zero (FALSE), a GET is done on
the file after the buffer Ring is cleared.
CALLI(code,LH,RH,value,success). Arbitrary monitor
call. See section 3.2.
CLOSE(file,bits). Close file and release its channel.
See saction 3.6.
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e.g.
PROGRAMTEST,A,B;
fop the above example. This decLares TEST as the module
name, and A and B as the entry points. Usually you shoulD
dist all of the top level proceDures as entry points,
Althoueh this iS not requIred. Note that these entry points
are only needed fOp library saarch mode. Even without this
sPecial PROGRAM statement The procedures A and B Could be
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w.fD∧εf@x9⊂λ8∧he f`∪Yα(4*Nβ~3@*⊂4qλXHλλ∧∞z=~∧∧λλλ∂≥⎇<@⊂λ⊂⊂⊂ 0p¬P∨∨α,⊗j@λλλ∧∧→+Ye@⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊃"l⊃aFE)Vi]( Tb"a.RAL,PROG.PAS". @!¬' ∧α↓↓β#∂→↓↓β&C∃↓β∂βCK|λ M≤=→#! x8 1_pπe @%\ASH↓iP≥βd¬v∞λ≥~ T≤Z0∪Z8⊂3 )les @%\@Ai!J@Ae%H∂#Qαβ?K∪,ε"`!α@
When @1←CISαs⊂~α
_ d∧→Z0↔~yt2`$, DDT wilhλAE∀AgiCIiKH\α↓αg|Tεn∂⊃Q&/F≥]⊗v*∞MεNv}4ε∞vDλ l↑λ_\L\8|h∞↑z;Ydλ⊃∃βD∧⊂9H∂≥⎇(⊃ \z9→$∧≡;p~CE;tf≠⊂⊂;p[8∧ Any breacs using PASDDT _AβK?Uβ≤¬ε␈.L@λ∞M→;@⊂≥yrP 4he~∃α≠?7\≥f"α*λ∃≤$X λtH~0↔λ "*πλ⊂*44\β wiLl se@PAaQSαs⊂∨~∞X ∧∞{hλ∞⎇→;C!<p∂e start p∪←U`Aae=H∂Kπh∧πN␈Tλ
m≥≠λ⊂∪Yz⊂:4→P:y`5al "Sth∂`Aα Qβ7∞K8$
∀*≡&9⊂q↓αSzβGSπ↔!βg|¬0→λ897`'p¬C@5∧εGOεT∧"$~%`λ∧λ↑(λ∞M→(λ∞|>+λ∧ Y#"N≡<Y(∧
β0∂`(α↓βC=αβWO∃∧εFF*λHT*1h⊂⊃[vp
and when loAdi`≥NααBεN$*∩b ≡0hW≥x
$∞z;⊂⊗λ3rz tp∂↑Aα≠?C',ε2ε@yH⊃λJλ#"Kd2p{≡Tε I ha`-α+9?Dλ
∞4rr=44p∪. -dbf]
∀~)∪\A ⊃(XAsα{Uβ←L¬Fbεm_ LD≥~_.D≥~→.2P0y→P0P &ew @Ms[E←αc@~α LV -8π2`$
fo@HAs@?αUbα¬M Rε⊗\⎇⊗v@X∧w3H4πf @e←kdAαkπ'dλ ∞4πg`%¬ZAS@~β∪↔≠L¬f.λ_<d εE 'lh∂EC0Ag`'n∪?1d∧∧.∞=
ππ-xλl\α:y2H⊂40yH⊂:x⊂λ8∧o thre@∀@Agsαk >L∧c!22s )ned d¬P∨I∧¬↔"r∧λ↔>⎇;9$∞α40zλ<p∂`+β⊃βCK|∧6.≥<Y$
<h⊂⊃Xv62`$ NAME,∧⊂∀*Mε.r∞|RεF≤¬P∩CE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂ ∞AME the fi@I`∂Q↓∧εε∂↔D∧ε}Hλ⊂~~2P⊂ 0p¬P∨∂,∧G/⊗T∧ππ⊗βxλ %p∧\4R↓↓↓↓α↓↓↓↓¬##'Mαβ'M↓∧∧⊗rα ≡ππ⊗βxλ 2iate ph CGα)β@&tλ ∞↑λ_ _Hα*⊂ "p¬KCV4⊂ ↓↓α↓↓↓↓α↓βC?L¬g"pβ"H∧∧λλ∪H→αbW the @→Seghαβ';O'∪W∂SL¬vrε|dε
π<X .\αp∞c@∀AP∨→αβ∂?∪(h ∩α∧∧ααα∧∧απ<y0∩λ⊂:7P_p∧j`+β≠QβSF)βOS∂#'
β&K@∨εL∨∩πε⎇_ NL<K@⊂λ$z⊂ )pε~)α↓↓↓↓α↓↓↓βd¬v≡∂LX ∧ Y9P↔\αe NAME MopπhAaβ∪?∂↔'+@⊗*∧λλl≥≠_h∧ <Y(∧∞α7FEλ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂∪αAME.+<so@5JAS]QK@∨↔⊂πbbπ,≡FF/$λ
8π⊂ 4o @≥β5
~)α↓↓↓αt
6∃∃α↓↓↓↓∧εFF*∧λ M≡\⎇⊂λ4∧oc@¬iS@?p∧αε@yHλ ∀λ_[
|zhλ
|β⊂⊂ "yte
ph∂S]QKef@↓Cgg←α≠'πS,∧Bπz=~∧∞α44`3 pro@
K@∪W⊗)0∩αλ¬~
≡h~0→CE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂67`#atedbefo@IJA: j∃ 0β"C!β≠↔→P∩w:2i→αaciNe to exte@I]CHAββC/∂,∧G/⊗↑4εNr X∀
∀qQ%M{|Zn5H⊃P)→λ≥{n-|kλ∞MβwW -drf]
~∃QQSfAMKGiSα{9↓β&K@≡∨↑>6/~∧λ
(λ∀nN]8p~≥y2P⊂≠q⊂⊂&Pai'Pλ93rj~w2yFB22ydYβned↓iP≥β⊗)β∂πd¬F.α h M⎇(_<d
⊂4ph→λ≤≤M||X;%Dλ∀u,=λ≤[n↑~;Y.1"]z-Mα⊂92\zty2H0P22Xv0y0]4ww≥tz44[⊂:42H( iaPd⊂⊂(≤5sq0[T⊂⊂+Zz4εE⊃l*"i∪⊂⊂:yYr⊂⊂$[⊂⊂8&_qrP⊂≠s⊂⊂ 4he Body.@A E"⊗J9αβ∂πW≤+@~πM PhV=x .
9→0→λ:7P %xpec@PABAe=kiS]∀AiQCPA`↔O,ε2απM Rα¬λ~483λλ <9≠⊂∀[3FE #onve@9iS←]LX@Agαy↓βSF{G*∧λ
m≥≠λ⊂LT→~0→Xzyy`%d he@IJP→↓¬≠# ?]H ∧∂9x
FBαpre@→Kd@Aβ#=↓β-≠∃↓β&C∃↓α4¬w.α90w XX⊂⊂_pr6 )ng @
←]mKαsS'⎇n2bα∞Mε(hα\[n↑~;Y$∞z≠p~[2⊂12H22q`,ared↓ 1) I_ α~⎇∩RJεp¬`hPβ"U
(_p⊂[4∧ing conventi@=]fACIJAgSαk'3π⊂∧ε -βy⊂ "oth @AaP∨∂,∧G/⊗↑4αε∞βYβ! ];XnM8πw9Kα The @=]P∪Eαβ∪'≠4∧W,8π1`% ic tha`(αβ⊂↔8π1`4ions pete@I\⊂∀,¬P⊂[8¬es, a`≥HαβCK|8 ,Nαy2`3 don≥h\@A%\AE←β#!β∂∂≠↔MDλ
(λ⊂⊂\3zvr[89FE_y2P 0ut i@8ACGGβ+7WL≡F␈↔4ε"πε∞-w.zλ
E@⊂⊂"4→y2P )pεABAβ;πeβ&yβCπ≤ε0hVβ;p→→P80y_vrz2\αs than wilhλAMαKQβ'p∧π&F↑8 $ 8xp~[zp ators, bp h@↓Sh~∃αK@~α hλ-≡Xε0→ complex @Q↑AKqAYC@'p¬bα¬=
w.fDλ∞-}(≠Y,\α⊂:7H27P 4his,
λ¬s@?αTε∂⊗Tλ ∞4πbably bepπhAi<AQ←←αYβπQ∧εFF* 8 lL(λ⊂_≤4πde@
K@⊃↓∧∪e↓β&C∀4,8 m↑~;⊂∩\α (upπS@;8∧αα|βpRHXu
+D∧∃z_.D~8h∞∞αz⊂ )n the acc@U[kICQ←ef~)SfAI∃iKe[%]KHAα @~εmx
Mβ{q]βE⊂⊂⊂λ⊂10→ va`→@,∧Rbε⎇lRπ>},Bαj∞Mε*πl≥G.(~0↔λ7w2P_qqz`-uladop∧⊂∀$∧ααα /∩πX;∃,Uλ≥≥mt≥{p→→9P⊂⊗H⊂:42H⊂;0v≥p¬ @%\@Ai]↑@Agβ+∂∂↔≥≠'[∀hQ↓↓↓α↓↓↓↓αβπ∂∂,kW3παMw.c"H∧∧λλ⊂O∀≥X;∞\αV⊂ -ore @QQC@9∧εG>z∞⎇w⊗'4¬Rε∞LN&/∨4∧ε}∩∧λ l-Y8p~λ⊂4wεB⊂⊂⊂⊂λ⊂⊂⊂⊂λ7w2P_qqzf]v0p∀opλ
)α↓↓↓β↔I↓βK,∧f/⊗]l6*α¬
d
∩∀∧αjα ≤F'⊗↑8 d∧≠yH∧
βq5 %ct in one
accu@5kYC@&{@⊂@ ¬,g]y⊂97]z4w2H4p|P≥yrP 4he accumuLators fre@∃YrXAα+c∂↔∧εBε6β|@⊂ X¬,
10 XAα ;⊃↓ 90⊂@ Hλ∧∧λλ ~H⊗P:4→P44`'hestACIIIKgf@↓CmCS1CEIJASL@↓iQJ@↓a`↔OF#?←8hQ↓↓↓α↓↓↓↓y guaranteed 40 (octal) locations on it. This
is enough to call any of the PASCAL runtimes. But
if you will be using it much, use the following
code. Note that the left half of 17 is not your
usual pdl left half. In particular, you will not
get a PDL overflow error if you try to use too
much. Instead you will get ill mem ref, as the
stack is at the top of core.
caig 15,xx(17) ;xx = stack space needed
jsp 1,corerr## ;core allocation routine
If your routine is to be called as a function, it should
move the result to 1(p). [That's right, folks, one above
the top of stack.]
You may call any PASCAL runtime routine with a simple pushj
17,. You may call any normal PASCAL-compiled routine with a
pushj 17, but you should push a dummy argument on the stack
first, as pascal routines garbage -1(17).
6.4 Special linkage conventions for hackers
The following three identifiers function syntactically as if
they were predeclared types. However they are only legal
when used to describe parameters of EXTERN procedures. Thus
they are a convenience for those brave souls who are trying
to add more runtimes but do not want to have to modify the
compiler.
FILE - a parameter declared as FILE will match a file
of any type. This is necessary for procedures
such as CLOSE, RENAME, etc., which one obviously
wants to work for files of all types.
[The address of the FCB gets put in the AC. See
PASUNV.MAC[P10,SYS] for it's layout, and PASIO.MAC
for the runtimes. -drf]
STRING - a parameter declared as STRING will match a
packed array of CHAR of any length. This is used
for the file name argument in RESET, REWRITE, etc.
It actually puts data into two registers. The
first gets the address of the array. The second
gets its length in characters. This type of
parameter only works with Pascal procedures. You
can't pass it to Fortran, Cobol, or Algol. No
error message will be generated if you try, but
the results are garbage.
POINTER - a parameter declared as POINTER will match a
pointer of any kind. It is used for procedures
such as NEW, which must work for pointers to any
kind of structure. It also puts data into two
registers. The first gets the value of the
pointer (or its address if VAR is used). The
second gets the size (in words) of the structure
that the pointer points to. This type of
parameter only works with Pascal procedures. You
can't pass it to Fortran, Cobol, or Algol. No
error message will be generated if you try, but
the results are garbage.
Use of these things is strongly discouraged except by Pascal
maintainers, who are assumed to understand what is going on.
References
(1) N. Wirth. The Programming Language PASCAL (Revised
Report) Bericht Nr. 5, Berichte der Fachgruppe
Computer-Wissenschaften, ETH Zurich, November 1972
(2) K. Jensen, N. Wirth. PASCAL - User Manual and Report.
Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1974.